MinuteEarth

Thanks to http://www.audible.com/minuteearth for sponsoring this video!

Reindeer meat could’ve entered North American cuisine and culture, but our turn of the century efforts to develop a reindeer industry were stymied by nature, the beef lobby, and the Great Depression.


Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth
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Help translate this video: http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_video?v=owNMCTmbG9w&ref=share

FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some keywords to get your googling started:

Reindeer - the smaller, (semi-)domesticated version/subspecies of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus)
Caribou - the wild, north American subspecies of Rangifer tarandus (Rangifer tarandus granti and others).
Wild reindeer - the wild, European/Asian subspecies of Rangifer tarandus.
Herding - bringing animals together into a group, maintaining the group, and moving the group from place to place
Rain-on-snow event - exactly what it sounds like! Rain that falls on snow, freezes into a thick layer of impenetrable ice over pastures, and causes mass starvation of reindeer (or caribou)
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Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Emily Elert, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

Image Credits: Rangifer tarandus - Alexandre Buisse
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:20070818-0001-strolling_reindeer.jpg
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If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like:
Alaska Fish & Game Dept website for “Santa's Reindeer” species - http://www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=santasreindeer.main

A virtual guide to reindeer and the people who herd them - http://reindeerherding.org/

The Great Canadian Reindeer Project - http://www.canadashistory.ca/Magazine/Online-Extension/Articles/The-Great-Canadian-Reindeer-Project

How one storm killed 61,000 Russian reindeer in 2013: http://www.popsci.com/sea-ice-loss-is-imperiling-reindeer-herders-way-life

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References:

Special thanks to Professor Greg Finstad of the University of Alaska Fairbanks for lending his advice, expertise, and patience to the making of this video!

Christie, A., & Finstad, G. L. (2009). Reindeer in the “Great Land”: Alaska's Red Meat Industry. Journal of Agricultural & Food Information, 10(4), 354-373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10496500903245651

Daniel, C. R., Cross, A. J., Koebnick, C., & Sinha, R. (2011). Trends in meat consumption in the USA. Public health nutrition, 14(04), 575-583. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045642/pdf/nihms-253312.pdf

Dubner, S. J. (2010, December 9). Beef or Chicken? A Look at U.S. Meat Trends in the Last Century [Blog post]. Retrieved December 1, 2016, from http://freakonomics.com/2010/12/09/beef-or-chicken-a-look-at-u-s-meat-trends-in-the-last-century/

Finstad, G. L. (2016). Personal Communication.

Finstad, G. L., Bader, H. R., & Prichard, A. K. (2002). Conflicts between reindeer herding and an expanding caribou herd in Alaska. Rangifer, 22(4), 33-37. https://www.ub.uit.no/baser/septentrio/index.php/rangifer/article/viewFile/1668/1559

Finstad, G. L., Kielland, K. K., & Schneider, W. S. (2006). Reindeer herding in transition: historical and modern day challenges for Alaskan reindeer herders. Nomadic Peoples, 10(2), 31-49. http://reindeer.salrm.uaf.edu/resources/journal_articles/Nomadic_Peoples10(2)31-49.PDF

Stern, R. O., Arobio, E. L., Naylor, L. L., & Thomas, W. C. (1980). Eskimos, reindeer, and land. https://scholarworks.alaska.edu/bitstream/handle/11122/1205/Bulletin59.pdf?sequence=1

Willis, R. (2006). A New Game in the North: Alaska Native Reindeer Herding, 1890–1940. Western Historical Quarterly, 37(3), 277-301. http://oit-fhs-pws1.oit.duke.edu/Fellowships/Willis.pdf

Direct download: Why_Dont_Americans_Eat_Reindeer.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 1:27pm EDT

Foraminifera – tiny, single-celled marine life forms – build gorgeous houses that record how much ice there is on the planet.

This video was supported by the Heising-Simons Foundation. To learn more, visit https://www.heisingsimons.org/

Special thanks to Professor Lee Kump of Penn State University and Professor Howie Spero of UC-Davis for lending their advice, expertise, and patience to the making of this video!

Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth


Help translate this video: http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_video?ref=share&v=oaOfeSJZ3lY

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FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some keywords to get your googling started:

foraminifera: a class of single-celled marine organisms – protists, not animals – that live either near the surface ("planktonic foraminifera") or on the seafloor ("benthic foraminifera"). Called forams for short.

climate proxy: something that tells us what the climate was like in the past, such as data from the thickness of tree rings, the composition of gases trapped in ancient ice, historical human records of annual bloom times (eg the long-recorded bloom dates of cherry trees in Kyoto, Japan), or the ratios of certain stable isotopes found in shells, corals, or other biogenic substances

oxygen-18: a stable isotope of oxygen that contains 8 protons and 10 neutrons, rather than the 8 protons and 8 neutrons of "regular" oxygen (oxygen-16). The ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in seawater (and sea shells) can be used as a proxy for the global average temperature

ice sheet: a permanent layer of ice covering land, as found in polar regions (and as distinguished from sea ice, like the stuff that floats at the north pole in the Arctic ocean). Combined, the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets contain more than 99% of the total freshwater ice on Earth.

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If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like:
The Tiniest Fossils by the AMNH
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLSa8cGJixQ

Orbulina feeding on Artemia
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYQNt52tiVU

Mysterious Web Masters
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q0WbN34Mh7k

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Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

Image credits:

Cribrohantkenina inflata - Paul Pearson
https://museum.wales/articles/2007-08-03/Up-close-with-nature/

Elphidium macellum, Bulimina and Calcarina hispida by foraminifera.eu
http://www.foraminifera.eu/

Globigerina - Hannes Grobe
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/our-work/biodiversity/planktonic-forminera.html

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REFERENCES

Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J., & Shackleton, N. J. (1976). Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages. Science, 194(4270), 1121-1132.
Abstract: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/194/4270/1121

Kendall, C., & McDonnell, J.J. (1998). Fundamentals of Isotope Geochemistry. In Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology (pp. 51-86). Eds: Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.
Link: http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/isopubs/itchch2.html#2.3

Kucera, M. (2007). Planktonic Foraminifera as Tracers of Past Oceanic Environments. In Developments in Marine Geology, Volume 1, (pp. 213-262).
Link: http://pmc.ucsc.edu/~apaytan/290A_Winter2014/pdfs/2007%20Proxies%20Chapter%20six.pdf

NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate: Global Analysis for Annual 2015, published online January 2016, retrieved on November 28, 2016 from http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201513.

Sachs, J., & Steig, E. (2010) Lecture on Isotopes and Air Temperature. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
Link: http://courses.washington.edu/proxies/AirTemperatureLecture2_2010.pdf

Shanahan, T. (2010). Lecture on Oxygen Isotopes. University of Texas, Austin, Texas.
Link: http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/302c/L16-N.pdf

Direct download: ME_100_-_How_This_Sea_Shell_Knows_the_Weather_in_Greenland.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:17pm EDT

Thanks to http://www.givewell.org/ for sponsoring this video! To learn more about the Against Malaria Foundation, visit: http://www.givewell.org/AMF or https://www.againstmalaria.com.

Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth
___________________________________________

FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some keywords to get your googling started:

Malaria - a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.
Parasite - an organism that benefits by living in/on a host organism and deriving nutrients at the host's expense.
Host - an organism in/on which another organism lives.
Protozoa - a group of single-celled microscopic animals (not bacteria or viruses) that includes the Plasmodium species.
Plasmodium - a genus of parasitic protozoa, many of which cause malaria in their hosts. Four species regularly infect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, & P. ovale.
P. falciparum - the Plasmodium species that kills the most people, by causing malignant malaria, the most dangerous form of malaria.
Anopheles gambiae - a ‘complex' of at least seven species of mosquitoes that are the main vectors of P. falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa.
Species complex - a group of closely related species that look so similar that the boundaries between them are often unclear.
Hunting and gathering - depending primarily on wild foods for subsistence
Paleontology - the study of fossils and what fossils tell us about the past, about evolution, and about how humans fit into the world.
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Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Qingyang Chen
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

_________________________________________

Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ


Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC


And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________


If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like:

Amazing animation of seasonal temperature suitability for malaria https://goo.gl/63pYGt
Americapox CGPGrey video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEYh5WACqEk
The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/

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References:

Carter, R., & Mendis, K. N. (2002). Evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria. Clinical microbiology reviews, 15(4), 564-594. http://cmr.asm.org/content/15/4/564.full

Gething, P. W., et al. (2011). A new world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2010. Malaria journal, 10(1), 1. http://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-10-378

Gething, P. W., et al. (2011). Modelling the global constraints of temperature on transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. Parasites & Vectors, 4(1), 1. http://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-3305-4-92

Hay, S. I., et al. (2004). The global distribution and population at risk of malaria: past, present, and future. The Lancet infectious diseases, 4(6), 327-336. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145123/

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). (2016). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington. Retrieved from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare.

Liu, W., et al. (2010). Origin of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in gorillas. Nature, 467(7314), 420-425. doi: 10.1038/nature09442

Malaria: Fact sheet (April 2016). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/

Packard, R. M. (2007). The making of a tropical disease: a short history of malaria (pp. 1-66 ). Baltimore.

Rich, S. M., et al. (2009). The origin of malignant malaria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(35), 14902-14907. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0907740106

Shah, S. (2010). The Fever: how malaria has ruled humankind for 500,000 years (pp. 1-33). Macmillan.

Sundararaman, S. A., et al. (2016). Genomes of cryptic chimpanzee Plasmodium species reveal key evolutionary events leading to human malaria. Nature communications, 7. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11078

Webb, J. L. (2009). Humanity's burden: a global history of malaria (pp. 1-91). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

World Health Organization. (2015). World malaria report 2015. World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2015/report/en/

Direct download: ME_101_-_How_Humans_Made_Malaria_So_Deadly.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 11:25am EDT

Almost all mammals with prehensile tails live in the neotropics because the forest is different there.

Thanks to http://www.audible.com/minuteearth for sponsoring this video.


Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :
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Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Emily Elert, Peter Reich
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder


Image Credits: Spider Monkey - Wikimedia user Petruss
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ateles_fusciceps_Colombia.JPG

Capuchin Monkey - Steve Jurvetson
https://www.flickr.com/photos/jurvetson/4238921909/

Guianan Saki - Wikimedia user Skyscraper
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:White-faced_Saki_2008-07.jpg

Emperor Tamarin - TheBrockenInaGlory
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Tamarin_SF_ZOO.jpg

Aotus nigriceps - Wikimedia user Miguelrangeljr
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aotus_nigriceps.jpg
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Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
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FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:
Prehensile Tail: An animal tail that can grasp or hold objects. A wide range of animals have prehensile tails, including mammals (like opossums and kinkajous), reptiles (like chameleons), amphibians (like salamanders), and fish (seahorses).
Old World Monkeys (Cercopithecidae): A family of primates native to Africa and Asia that includes baboons, guenons and macaques – all of which have non-prehensile tails.
New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini): A family of primates native to Central and South America that includes spider monkeys, howlers, and capuchins – all of which have prehensile tails.
Prehensile tails evolved twice in new world monkeys: In atelines (spider monkey and howlers) the prehensile tail tip is like a finger and incredibly dextrous. In cebines (capuchin monkeys) the tip is furry and not quite as dextrous.

Species featured in this video:
- Spider Monkey (and Diddy Kong!)
- Ficus insipida (tripical fig tree)
- Barbary Macaque (from Northern Africa)
- Rhesus Macaque(from India)
- Opossum
- Chameleon
- Salamander (Aneides lugubris)
- Seahorses (actually Horsea!)
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References:


Glander, K. (2016). Personal Communication

Organ, J. (2016). Personal Communication

Emmons, L.H., Gentry, A.H. (1983). Tropical Forest Structure and the Distribution of Gliding and Prehensile-Tailed Vertebrates. The American Naturalist 121-4 (513-524). Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2460978?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

Lambert, T., Halsey, M. (2015) Relationship Between Lianas and Arboreal Mammals: Examining the Emmons–Gentry Hypothesis. Ecology of Lianas (398-406).. Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118392409.ch26/summary

Deane, A., Russo, G., Muchlinski, M., Organ, J. (2014). Caudal Vertebral Body Articular Surface Morphology Correlates With Functional Tail Use in Anthropoid Primates. Journal of Morphology 275 (1300-1311). Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.20304/abstract

Direct download: ME_99_-_Why_Only_Some_Monkeys_Have_Awesome_Tails.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 11:09am EDT

Why there will likely soon be more tigers in backyards in Texas than in the wilds of Asia.

Thanks to the University of Minnesota for sponsoring this video! http://twin-cities.umn.edu/


Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :
___________________________________________


Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Qingyang Chen
Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder


Image Credits: Camera trap photo courtesy of Ullas Karanth from the Wildlife Conservation Society
_________________________________________


Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ


Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC


And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
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If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like these things:
A fun game - try to match tigers by their stripe patterns: http://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/can-tell-tigers-apart/


FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:
Crypsis: An animal’s ability to avoid detection by other animals. Tigers use camouflage crypsis as part of their predation strategy.
Apex Predator: An animal on top of the food chain with no natural predator in its ecosystem.
Camera Trap: A motion-sensor activated camera to capture images of animals in the wild with as little human interference as possible.
Cultural Climate: Shared perceptions and attitudes in a particular area.
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References:


Kenney, J.S., Smith, J.L.D., Starfield, A.M., McDougal, C.W. (1995). The Long-Term Effects of Tiger Poaching on Population Viability. Conservation Biology 9-5 (1127-1133). Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9051116.x-i1/abstract

Del Bosque, M. (2008) A Tiger’s Tale. Texas Observer. Retrieved from: https://www.texasobserver.org/2835-a-tigers-tale-in-texas-where-you-can-own-a-pet-tiger-the-booming-exotic-animal-trade-has-grim-consequences/

Karanth, U. (2016). Personal Communication.

Rudner, J. (2016) Tigers in Texas: We don't even know how many there are. Texas Tribune. Retrieved from: http://www.houstonchronicle.com/local/gray-matters/article/Tigers-and-Texas-We-don-t-even-know-how-many-7375558.php

Joshi, A., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E., Anderson, M.L., Olson, D., Jones, B.S., Seidensticker, J., Lumpkin, S., Hansen, M.C., Sizer, N.C., Davis, C.L., Palminteri, S., Hahn, N.R. (2016). Tracking changes and preventing loss in critical tiger habitat. Science Advances 2-4 (e1501675). Retrieved from http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/4/e1501675.full

Smith, J.L.D., McDougal, C., Gurung, B. Shrestha, N., Shrestha, M., Allendorf, T., Joshi, A., and Dhakal, N. (2010) Securing the Future for Nepal’s Tigers: Lessons from the Past and Present. Tigers of The World, Second Edition. Chapter 25 (331-343). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216561296_Securing_the_Future_for_Nepal's_Tigers_Lessons_from_the_Past_and_Present

Direct download: ME_98_-_Why_Are_There_So_Many_Tigers_In_Texas-.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 10:08am EDT

Sometimes, it makes sense for critters across the animal kingdom to chow down on their own young.

Thanks to http://www.audible.com/minuteearth for sponsoring this video.

Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :
- Maarten Bremer
- Jeff Straathof
- Tony Fadell
- Muhammad Shifaz
- Mark Roth
- Melissa Vigil
- Valentin
- Alberto Bortoni
___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Rachel (@RA_Becks)
Script Editor: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Kate Yoshida, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

_________________________________________

Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________

FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:
- Filial cannibalism: is a form of infanticide that occurs when an adult individual of a species consumes all or part of the young of its own species or immediate offspring.

Species featured in this video:
- Hamsters (Cricetinae family)
- Assassin bug (Rhinocoris tristis)
- Red Tailed Monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius)
- Long Tailed Skink (Eutropis longicaudata)
- Egg-eating snake (Oligodon formosanus)
- Sand goby (Pomatoschistus minutus)
___________________________________________

References:

Special thanks to Professor Hope Klug, from the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, for help with research on this video!

Day, C. S., & Galef, B. G. (1977). Pup cannibalism: One aspect of maternal behavior in golden hamsters. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 91(5), 1179-1189. doi:10.1037/h0077386

Gilbert, W. M., Nolan, P. M., Stoehr, A. M., & Hill, G. E. (2005). Filial Cannibalism at a House Finch Nest. The Wilson Bulletin, 117(4), 413-415. doi:10.1676/04-003.1
Full text: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20060130?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

Huang, W. (2008). Predation risk of whole-clutch filial cannibalism in a tropical skink with maternal care. Behavioral Ecology, 19(6), 1069-1074.
Full text: http://beheco.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/6/1069.full#ref-1

Klug, H., & Bonsall, M. (2007). When to Care for, Abandon, or Eat Your Offspring: The Evolution of Parental Care and Filial Cannibalism. The American Naturalist, 170(6), 886-901. doi:10.1086/522936
Abstract: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/522936#rf13

Klug, H., & Lindstrom, K. (2008). Hurry-up and hatch: Selective filial cannibalism of slower developing eggs. Biology Letters, 4(2), 160-162. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0589
Abstract: http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/4/2/160

Why do some fish eat their own eggs? - Phys.org. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://phys.org/news/2016-02-fish-eggs.html

Direct download: ME_96_-_Why_Do_Animals_Eat_Their_Babies.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 11:06am EDT

Research suggests that more diverse ecosystems are better for the bottom line.

Thanks to the University of Minnesota for sponsoring this video! http://twin-cities.umn.edu/


Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Peter Reich
Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

Peter's Science paper: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/354/6309/aaf8957

___________________________________________
A big thank-you to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :
- Maarten Bremer
- Jeff Straathof
- Tony Fadell
- Muhammad Shifaz
- Mark Roth
- Melissa Vigil
- Valentin
- Alberto Bortoni
_________________________________________

Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________

We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:

Biodiversity - the variety of genes, species, and ecosystems
Conservation - ethical use and protection of valuable natural resources (e.g. trees, minerals, wildlife, water)
Ecosystem - a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment
Ecosystem services - benefits people obtain from ecosystems (four categories: supporting, provisioning, regulating, and cultural)
Richness - the number of species in an ecological community, landscape, or region
Pollinators - animals that help plants reproduce by moving pollen from male flowers to female flowers
Pollution - the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment (e.g. chemicals, particles, noise, heat, light)

___________________________________________

References:

Bartomeus, I., Park, M.G., Gibbs, J., Danforth, B.N., Lakso, A.N. and Winfree, R., 2013. Biodiversity ensures plant–pollinator phenological synchrony against climate change. Ecology Letters, 16(11), pp.1331-1338.

Dee LE, Miller SJ, Peavey LE, Bradley D, Gentry RR, Startz R, Gaines SD, Lester SE. 2016 Functional diversity of catch mitigates negative effects of temperature variability on fisheries yields. Proc. R. Soc. B 83: 20161435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.143

Delgado-Baquerizo, M., L. Giaramida, P. B. Reich, A. N. Khachane, K. Hamonts, C. Edwards, L. Lawton, B. K. Singh. 2016. Lack of functional redundancy in the relationship between microbial diversity and ecosystem functioning. Journal of Ecology doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12585

"FAO, “Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 - How are the world’s forests changing? ” (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 2015)

FAO, “Contribution of the forestry sector to national economies, 1990-2011” (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2014)

Garibaldi, Lucas A., et al. ""Mutually beneficial pollinator diversity and crop yield outcomes in small and large farms."" Science 351.6271 (2016): 388-391.

Isbell, Forest, et al. ""Biodiversity increases the resistance of ecosystem productivity to climate extremes."" Nature 526.7574 (2015): 574-577."

Isbell, F., Tilman, D., Polasky, S., & Loreau, M. (2015). The biodiversity‐dependent ecosystem service debt. Ecology letters, 18(2), 119-134.

Liang J, T Crowther, GFBI, and PB Reich. 2016. Positive biodiversity–productivity relationship predominant in global forests. Science 14 Oct 2016: Vol. 354, Issue 6309, DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf8957. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/354/6309/aaf8957

Liang, J, M Zhou, PC Tobin, AD McGuire, PB Reich. 2015. Biodiversity influences plant productivity through niche–efficiency. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112:5738–5743.

McCarthy, Donal P., et al. "Financial costs of meeting global biodiversity conservation targets: current spending and unmet needs." Science 338.6109 (2012): 946-949.

Reich PB, D Tilman, F Isbell, K Mueller, S Hobbie, D Flynn, N Eisenhauer. 2012. Impacts of biodiversity loss escalate as redundancy fades. Science 336:589-592.

Tilman, D, PB Reich, J Knops, D Wedin, T Mielke, C Lehman. 2001. Diversity and productivity in a long-term grassland experiment. Science 294: 843-845.

Direct download: ME_97_-_Why_Biodiversity_Is_Good_For_The_Economy.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 2:58pm EDT

A big thank-you to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :
- Maarten Bremer

- Jeff Straathof

- Today I Found Out

- Tony Fadell

- Muhammad Shifaz

- Mark Roth

- Melissa Vigil

- Valentin

- Alberto Bortoni
___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
Script Editor: Alex Reich
Video Illustrator: Qingyang Chen
Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Ever Salazar, Emily Elert, Peter Reich
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

_________________________________________

Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________

If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like these things:
Some thoroughly unscientific ways to test your dog’s intelligence: http://www.wikihow.com/Test-a-Dog's-Intelligence

FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:
Breed group: A grouping of dog breeds based on their historical jobs.
Dog personality traits: Levels of playfulness, curiosity, sociability, and aggressiveness that dogs exhibit based on testing.
Animal Cognition: The study of the mental capacities of animals.
Confirmation bias: The tendency to interpret evidence in favor of one’s existing beliefs.
___________________________________________

References:

Svartberg, K. (2006). Breed-typical behaviour in dogs—Historical remnants or recent constructs? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 96 (293-313). Retrieved from http://www.appliedanimalbehaviour.com/article/S0168-1591(05)00160-7/abstract

Svartberg, K. (2016). Personal Communication.

Hare, B. & Woods, V. (2013) The Genius of Dogs: How Dogs Are Smarter Than You Think. Retrieved from https://www.amazon.com/Genius-Dogs-Smarter-Than-Think/dp/0142180467/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1475530594&sr=1-1

Helton, W. (2010). Does perceived trainability of dog (Canis lupus familiaris) breeds reflect differences in learning or differences in physical ability? Behavioural Processes 83 (315-323). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20117185

Pongracz, P., Miklosi, A., Vida, V., Csanyi, V. (2005) The pet dogs ability for learning from a human demonstrator in a detour task is independent from the breed and age. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 90 (309-323). Retrieved from http://www.appliedanimalbehaviour.com/article/S0168-1591(04)00177-7/abstract

Direct download: ME_95_-_How_Different_Are_Different_Types_of_Dogs.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 11:45am EDT

Thanks to http://www.audible.com/minuteearth for sponsoring this video.

Got questions!? Discuss this vid with brain experts on Reddit: http://bit.ly/RedditBrains

Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :
- Maarten Bremer
- Jeff Straathof
- Today I Found Out
- Tony Fadell
- Muhammad Shifaz
- Mark Roth
- Melissa Vigil
- Valentin
- Alberto Bortoni
___________________________________________

Our functional map of the brain has changed. Here's why.

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Qingyang Chen
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar and Peter Reich
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

_________________________________________

Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
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Also, say hello on:
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And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________

If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like this:
A digitally remastered look at the injuries of Phineas Gage, history's most famous lesion patient: http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/...

FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:

Brain lesion: Damage to the brain caused by disease or injury.

Broca’s area: Region in the frontal lobe associated with speech production.

Fusiform face area: Structure near the back of the brain associated with facial recognition.

Hippocampus: Seahorse-shaped brain structure associated with memory formation.

Amygdala: Small brain structure associated with emotions and memories.

fMRI: An imaging procedure that measures brain activity by tracking changes associated with blood flow.
___________________________________________

References:

Rorden, C., Karnath, H. (2004). Using human brain lesions to infer function: a relic from a past era in the fMRI age? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5 (812-819). Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/...

Barbey, A., Colom, R., Solomon, J., Kreuger, F., Forbes,C., Grafman, J. (2012). An integrative architecture for general intelligence and executive function revealed by lesion mapping. Brain,135 (1154-1164). Retrieved from http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/conte...

Yildirim, F., Sarikcioglu (2007). Marie Jean Pierre Flourens (1794–1867): an extraordinary scientist of his time. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 78(8) 852. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...

Barbey, A. (2016). Personal Communication.

Rorden, C. (2016). Personal Communication.

Direct download: ME_93_-_Which_Parts_Of_The_Brain_Do_What.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 10:00pm EDT

This video was supported by the Heising-Simons Foundation. To learn more, visit https://www.heisingsimons.org/

Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :
- Today I Found Out
- Maarten Bremer
- Jeff Straathof
- Mark Roth
- Tony Fadell
- Muhammad Shifaz
- Melissa Vigil
- Alberto Bortoni
- Valentin
___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Script Editor: Rachel Becker (@RA_Becks)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Omkar Bhagat, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

_________________________________________

Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Get early, exclusive access to our videos on Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________

If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like this:
Fantastic Aurora: Inside the Sun to Earth's Poles https://youtu.be/N5utQxtma2U?t=3m1s

FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:

Abiogenesis – the process of life arising from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds.

Amino Acids – a class of organic compounds. Twenty of the roughly 500 known amino acids appear in the genetic code, and, when strung together into long chains, form the basic building blocks of proteins.

Faint Young Sun Paradox – describes the apparent contradiction between evidence for a warm ancient Earth, and stellar models, which predict that the young Sun was 25% dimmer than today's Sun. First described by Carl Sagan and George Mullen in 1972.

The Miller–Urey experiment – a landmark experiment in the 1950s in which scientists demonstrated that amino acids could form spontaneously from inorganic gases present in Earth's early atmosphere

Snowball Earth – a climatic state of Earth in which the entire surface becomes frozen over.

Molecules featured in this video:
- Carbon dioxide (CO2)
- Methane (CH4)
- Nitrous oxide (N20)
- Hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
- Amino acids (especifically threonine, valine, cysteine and methionine)
- Adenine (C5H5N5)
- Glycine (C2H5NO2)


___________________________________________

References:

Airapetian, V. S., Glocer, A., Gronoff, G., Hébrard, E., & Danchi, W. (2016). Prebiotic chemistry and atmospheric warming of early Earth by an active young Sun. Nature Geoscience Nature Geosci, 9(6), 452-455. doi:10.1038/ngeo2719

Earth's changeable atmosphere. (2016). Nature Geoscience Nature Geosci, 9(6), 409-409. doi:10.1038/ngeo2735

Feulner, G. (2012). The faint young Sun problem. Rev. Geophys. Reviews of Geophysics, 50(2). doi:10.1029/2011rg000375

Leconte, J., Forget, F., Charnay, B., Wordsworth, R., & Pottier, A. (2013). Increased insolation threshold for runaway greenhouse processes on Earth-like planets. Nature, 504(7479), 268-271. doi:10.1038/nature12827

Marchi, S., Black, B., Elkins-Tanton, L., & Bottke, W. (2016). Massive impact-induced release of carbon and sulfur gases in the early Earth's atmosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 449, 96-104. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.05.032

Sagan, C., & Mullen, G. (1972). Earth and Mars: Evolution of Atmospheres and Surface Temperatures. Science, 177(4043), 52-56. doi:10.1126/science.177.4043.52

Wolf, E. T., & Toon, O. B. (2014). Delayed onset of runaway and moist greenhouse climates for Earth. Geophys. Res. Lett. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(1), 167-172. doi:10.1002/2013gl058376

Direct download: ME_94_-_The_Faint_Young_Sun_Paradox.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:33pm EDT

Thanks to The Great Courses Plus for sponsoring this video. You can start your subscription with a free one-month trial today by visiting http://ow.ly/Yq7c302duah

Hybrid animals are infertile because of the way their sex cells form. But sometimes, life finds a way.

FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:
- Hybrid organisms: The offspring of two animals or plants of different breeds, varieties, species or genera.
- Mitosis: A process of cell division that produces copies of the original cell.
- Meiosis: A process of cell dividion that produces new daughter cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell.
- Sex cell, or gamete: a cell that fuses with another cell during fertilization (conception) in organisms that sexually reproduce.
- Hemiclonal transmission: The rare occurence in which only maternal DNA gets passed along during the creation of sex cells.

Species featured in this video:
- Mule, is the offspring of a male donkey (jack) and a female horse (mare)
- Liger, is a hybrid cross between a male lion (Panthera leo) and a female tiger (Panthera tigris)
- Zonkey, is the offspring of a zebra and a donkey. Zebra hybrids are generally known as zebroids
- Beefalo, also known as cattalo, is the offspring of a domestic cattle (Bos taurus) and an American buffalo (Bison bison)
- Cama, is the offspring of a male dromedary camel and a female llama.
___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Chad Geran
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar, Omkar Bhagat, Peter Reich, Rachel Becker
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

Image Credits: Liger Hercules - Ed Quinn
https://goo.gl/A8zgxO

Zonkey - Flickr user Leogirly4life
https://goo.gl/QAcza0

Cama - TaylorLlamas.com
http://goo.gl/YCY3Zd

Beefalo - Noah's Ark Animal
Sanctuary
http://www.noahs-ark.org/
_________________________________________

Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Get early, exclusive access to our videos on Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

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Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________

If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like these things:
The Blitzkreiglr YouTube guys play the game Hybrid Animals: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g9WS5cd_59I
___________________________________________

References:

Ryder, O., Chemnick, L., Bowling, A., Benirschke, K. (1985). Male mule foal qualifies as the offspring of a female mule and Jack donkey. Journal of Heredity 76 (379-381). Retrieved from http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/76/5/379

C.J. Zhao, Y.H. Qin, X.H. Lee, Ch. Wu (2006). Molecular and cytogenetic paternity testing of a male offspring of a hinny. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics,123: 403-405. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17177697

Bucholz (2013). Colorado miracle mule foal lived short life, but was well-loved.The Denver Post. Retrieved from http://www.denverpost.com/2013/08/16/colorado-miracle-mule-foal-lived-short-life-but-was-well-loved/

Millon, L. (2016). Personal Communication.

Antczak, D. (2016). Personal Communication.

Direct download: ME_90_-_d7.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 5:14pm EDT

Farming erodes soil 50 times faster than it forms. We can change that, but will we?

Thanks to http://www.soylent.com/earth for sponsoring this video!

Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :
- Today I Found Out
- Maarten Bremer
- Jeff Straathof
- Mark Roth
- Tony Fadell
- Muhammad Shifaz
- 靛蓝字幕组
- Melissa Vigil
- Alberto Bortoni
- Valentin
- Antoine Coeur
___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Script Editor: Rachel Becker (@RA_Becks)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Omkar Bhagat, Emily Elert, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

_________________________________________

Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Get early, exclusive access to our videos on Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ
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Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________

If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like these things:
America is running out of soil: http://goo.gl/FXEzeR
Global Soil Partnership: http://goo.gl/lqGknM
Prairie STRIPS research: https://goo.gl/1uw1Yg

FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:

Agricultural Soil Erosion: the wearing away of a field's topsoil by the natural physical forces of water and wind or through forces associated with farming activities, such as tillage. http://goo.gl/d0Ciwk

Conservation tillage/agriculture: a soil cultivation method in which fields are not ploughed & the previous year's crop residues are left on fields before and after planting the next crop, to reduce soil erosion and runoff. http://goo.gl/8aoizx, http://goo.gl/jmj8Ic

Soil: the upper layer of earth, in which plants grow; a dark, damp, gas-filled structure of minerals and organic matter formed by degrading rocks and decomposing organisms. http://goo.gl/Q6JOrH
___________________________________________

References:

A Landowner’s Guide to Prairie Conservation Strips. Accessed May 5, 2016. https://goo.gl/fN65MA

Antón, S. C., & Steadman, D. W. (2003). Mortuary patterns in burial caves on Mangaia, Cook Islands. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 13(3), 132-146. http://goo.gl/SIiMxy

FAO and ITPS. (2015). Status of the World’s Soil Resources (SWSR) – Main Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils, Rome, Italy. http://goo.gl/fxPJi0

Kirch, P. V. (1997). Microcosmic histories: Island perspectives on" global" change. American Anthropologist, 99(1), 30-42.

Montgomery, D. R. (2007). Soil erosion and agricultural sustainability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(33), 13268-13272. http://goo.gl/Si9E6g

Pimentel, D. (2006). Soil erosion: a food and environmental threat. Environment, development and sustainability, 8(1), 119-137. http://goo.gl/64FSCa

Soil Building Systems. Pickup Truck Capacities. Accessed May 5, 2016. http://goo.gl/u7sPfQ

Steadman, D. W., Antón, S. C., & Kirch, P. V. (2000). Ana Manuku: a prehistoric ritualistic site on Mangaia, Cook Islands. Antiquity, 74(286), 873-883. http://goo.gl/ZySytn

Direct download: ME_92_-_How_To_Literally_Save_Earth.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 10:00pm EDT

How Alan Turing's Reaction-Diffusion Model Simulates Patterns in Nature
Thanks to http://www.audible.com/minuteearth for sponsoring this video.

Asparagus Pee Survey Results: https://goo.gl/8x7abL

___________________________________________

If you liked this video, we think you might also like this:

Reaction Diffusion Simulation (Gray-Scott model)
https://pmneila.github.io/jsexp/grayscott/

___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Rachel Becker (@RA_Becks)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Omkar Bhagat, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

Also, special thanks to the following scientists:
Greg Barsh: Investigator, HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology (http://goo.gl/RMD8o9)
Jeremy Green: Professor of developmental biology, King’s College London (https://goo.gl/Qcn8Ay)
Thomas Hiscock: Graduate student in systems biology, Harvard University (http://goo.gl/RbAWIy)
Shigeru Kondo: Professor, Osaka University (http://goo.gl/uQ2wYO)
James Sharpe: Coordinator of EMBL-CRG Systems Biology Unit and ICREA research professor (http://goo.gl/QCGul8)
Ian Stewart: Emeritus professor of mathematics, University of Warwick and author of The Mathematics of Life (http://goo.gl/rGR1R0)
Thomas Woolley: Postdoctoral scientist, St John's College Oxford (http://goo.gl/B4FZNn)

Image Credits:
- Mouse palate images provided courtesy of Jeremy Green, King’s College London.
- Digit patterns image provided courtesy of Luciano Marcon and Jelena Raspopovic.
- Angelfish and zebrafish images provided courtesy of Shigeru Kondo.
_________________________________________

Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC
itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n

___________________________________________

Here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:

Reaction-diffusion system: A hypothetical system in which multiple chemical substances diffuse through a defined space at different rates and react with one another, thereby generating a pattern.

Turing pattern: A periodic pattern that forms in a space where the initial distribution of ‘activator’ and ‘inhibitor’ is the same.

Morphogenesis: The processes during development that give rise to the form or shape of the organism or a structure

Alan Turing: Alan Turing was a British mathematician and the father of modern computer science. During World War II, he broke Germany’s Enigma code used to encrypt communications.

____________________

References:

Economou, A. D., Ohazama, A., Porntaveetus, T., Sharpe, P. T., Kondo, S., Basson, M. A., … Green, J. B. A. (2012). Periodic stripe formation by a Turing-mechanism operating at growth zones in the mammalian palate. Nature Genetics, 44(3), 348–351. http://doi.org/10.1038/ng.1090

Economou, A. D., & Green, J. B. (2014). Modelling from the experimental developmental biologists viewpoint. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 35, 58-65. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.07.006

Green, J. B., & Sharpe, J. (2015). Positional information and reaction-diffusion: Two big ideas in developmental biology combine.Development, 142(7), 1203-1211. doi:10.1242/dev.114991

Kimura, Y. T. (2016, May 24). The mathematics of patterns. Retrieved from http://www.theshapeofmath.com/princeton/dynsys

Kimura, Y. T. (2014). The Mathematics of Patterns: The modeling and analysis of reaction-diffusion equations (Thesis, Princeton University). Http://www.pacm.princeton.edu/documents/Kimura.pdf.

Kondo, S., & Asai, R. (1995). A reaction-diffusion wave on the skin of the marine angelfish Pomacanthus. Nature, 376(6543), 765-768. doi:10.1038/376765a0

Kondo, S., & Miura, T. (2010). Reaction-Diffusion Model as a Framework for Understanding Biological Pattern Formation. Science, 329(5999), 1616-1620. doi:10.1126/science.1179047

Marcon, L., & Sharpe, J. (2012). Turing patterns in development: What about the horse part? Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, 22(6), 578-584. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2012.11.013

Raspopovic, J., Marcon, L., Russo, L., & Sharpe, J. (2014). Digit patterning is controlled by a Bmp-Sox9-Wnt Turing network modulated by morphogen gradients. Science, 345(6196), 566-570. doi:10.1126/science.1252960

Stewart, I. (2012). The mathematics of life. Philadelphia, PA: Basic Books. (https://goo.gl/IOagrs)

Turing, A. M. (1952). The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 237(641), 37-72. Retrieved from http://www.dna.caltech.edu/courses/cs191/paperscs191/turing.pdf

Direct download: ME_91_-_Can_Math_Explain_How_Animals_Get_Their_Patterns.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

Thanks to http://www.audible.com/minuteearth for sponsoring this video.

Thanks also to Tom Scott for helping write and narrate this video. Check out his amazing channel: https://www.youtube.com/TomScottGo


Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :
- Today I Found Out
- Maarten Bremer
- Jeff Straathof
- Mark Roth
- Tony Fadell
- Muhammad Shifaz
- 靛蓝字幕组
- Melissa Vigil
- Alberto Bortoni
- Valentin
- Antoine Coeur
___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Tom Scott (@tomscott)
Script Editor: Henry Reich (@MinutePhysics)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Tom Scott (@tomscott)
With Contributions From: Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Peter Reich, Rachel Becker, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

Image Credits:
Photo of Null Island Buoy by: Jacques Grelet, IRD.fr
_________________________________________

Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Get early, exclusive access to our videos on Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

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Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________

References:
http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/clerks-scrambling-to-get-voters-in-right-districts-3v3ov36-137102098.html

Direct download: ME_89_-_Null_Island-_The_Busiest_Place_That_Doesnt_Exist.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

Why do some species flourish and others falter? Sometimes it just comes down to luck.

A big thank-you to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :

- Today I Found Out
- Maarten Bremer
- Jeff Straathof
- Mark Roth
- Tony Fadell
- Muhammad Shifaz
- 靛蓝字幕组
- Alberto Bortoni
- Valentin
- Antoine Coeur
___________________________________________

FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:

- Bering land bridge: an ancient land bridge that connected Asia and North America at various times during the Quaternary glaciation, allowing Homo sapiens and other species migrations.

- The Holocene extinction: (also referred to as the Sixth extinction or Anthropocene extinction) is the ongoing extinction event of species during the present Holocene epoch (since around 10,000 BCE) mainly due to human activity. The Holocene extinction includes the disappearance of large land animals known as megafauna, starting between 9,000 and 13,000 years ago, the end of the last Ice Age.

- Atlatl (spear-thrower): is a tool that uses leverage to achieve greater velocity in dart-throwing.

- Bile bears: sometimes called battery bears, are bears kept in captivity to harvest their bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, which is used by some traditional Chinese medicine practitioners, though there is no evidence that bear bile has any medicinal effect, and no plausible mechanism by which it might work.

Species featured in this video:
- American black bear (Ursus americanus)
- Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus)
- Black-footed Ferret or American polecat (Mustela nigripes)
- Steppe polecat (Mustela eversmanii)
- Humans (Homo Sapiens)
- Prairie dogs (genus Cynomys)

___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Henry Reich (@MinutePhysics)
With Contributions From: Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Peter Reich and Rachel Becker
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

Image Credits:

Mustela nigripes - USFWS Mountain Prairie
https://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwsmtnprairie/5244106245/

Mustela eversmanii - Andrei Kotkin (used with permission)

Ursus americanus - Ryan E. Poplin
http://flickr.com/photos/27446776@N00/668275432

Ursus thibetanus - Guérin Nicolas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ursus_thibetanus_3_(Wroclaw_zoo).JPG
_________________________________________

Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Get early, exclusive access to our videos on Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n

___________________________________________

References:

Schieck, B., McCown, W. (2014). Geographic distribution of American black bears in North America. Ursus, 25-1(24-33). Retrieved from http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_25_1_/Scheick_and_McCown_2014_Ursus.pdf

Pappas, S. (2014).Humans Blamed for Extinction of Mammoths, Mastodons & Giant Sloths. LiveScience. Retrieved from: http://www.livescience.com/46081-humans-megafauna-extinction.html

Feng, Y., Siu, K., Wang, N., Ng, K., Tsao, S., Nagamatsu, T., Tong, Y. (2009). Bear bile: dilemma of traditional medicinal use and animal protection. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 5:2. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630947/

Biggins, D., Hanebury, L., Miller, B., Powell, R. (2011). Black-footed ferrets and Siberian polecats as ecological surrogates and ecological equivalents. Journal of Mammalogy, 92(4): 710-720. Retrieved from https://www.fort.usgs.gov/sites/default/files/products/publications/22786a/22786a.pdf

Direct download: ME_86_-_Which_Bear_Is_Best.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

Thanks to http://www.audible.com/minuteearth for sponsoring this video.

Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :
- Today I Found Out
- Maarten Bremer
- Jeff Straathof
- Mark Roth
- Tony Fadell
- Muhammad Shifaz
- 靛蓝字幕组
- Alberto Bortoni
- Valentin
- Antoine Coeur
___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Omkar Bhagat (@TheCuriousEnggr)
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Henry Reich (@MinutePhysics)
With Contributions From: Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich and Rachel Becker
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

_________________________________________

Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Get early, exclusive access to our videos on Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________

If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like these things:
Disgust Sensitivity Quiz: https://www.helloquizzy.com/tests/the-disgust-sensitivity-test

FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:
- Disgust: A feeling of revulsion at something unpleasant
- Emotion: A mental state that arises spontaneously.
- Pathogen: A tiny living organism that can cause disease.
- Reverse Osmosis: A way to purify water by pushing it through a semipermeable membrane.
- Toilet-to-tap: A framing device used by recycled water opponents to cause people to think of sewage.
- NEWater: The brand name given to recycled water in Singapore.
___________________________________________

Image Credits:

Chocolate brownie - Wikimedia User m
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chocolatebrownie.JPG

Soup Cream - pixabay user wowwandee (Public Domain)
https://pixabay.com/en/cream-soup-food-vegetable-pumpkin-1285948/

Bed pan - Wikimedia user Michaelwalk (Public Domain)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Image-Oval-steel.jpg

Glass of Juice - Stiftelsen Elektronikkbransjen
https://www.flickr.com/photos/elektronikkbransjen/7308131990

Cockroach - Gary Alpert
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:American-cockroach.jpg


___________________________________________

References:

Rozin, P., Haddad, B., Nemeroff, C., Solvic, P. (2015). Psychological aspects of the rejection of recycled water: Contamination, purification and disgust. Judgement and Decision Making, 10-1(50-63). Retrieved from http://journal.sjdm.org/14/14117a/jdm14117a.pdf

Schwartz, J. (2015). Water Flowing From Toilet to Tap May Be Hard to Swallow. New York Times, D1. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/12/science/recycled-drinking-water-getting-past-the-yuck-factor.html?_r=0

Haddad, B. (2012). The Psychology of Water Reclamation and Reuse: Survey Findings and Research Roadmap. U.S. Case Studies, D22-D23. Retrieved from http://www.reclaimedwater.net/data/files/153.pdf

Nemeroff, C. (2016). Personal Communication.

Gallagher, D.. (2016). Personal Communication.

Direct download: ME_88_-_Would_You_Drink_Water_Made_From_Sewage-.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

Have ever wondered how digital illustrations are made? This video explains the basics. Help us keep making videos by supporting us in https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth

We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:

- A raster graphics image is a digital image made of a grid of pixels
- Software able to edit raster graphics: Photoshop, Corel Painter, GIMP, Krita, etc.
- GIMP is free and open-source. Check them at https://www.gimp.org/
- Krita is also free and open-source. Check them at https://krita.org
- Pixel Art is a form of digital art where images are edited on the pixel level.
- Cross-stitch is a popular form of counted-thread embroidery in which X-shaped stitches in a tiled, raster-like pattern are used to form a picture.
- Vector graphics images are made up of mathematical shapes and can be scaled as much as needed without loss in quality.
- Software able to edit vector graphics: Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw, Inkscape, etc.
- Inkscape is free and open-source. Check them at https://inkscape.org/
- Jaggies is the informal name for artifacts in raster images, most frequently from aliasing.
- Anti-aliasing is the technique of minimizing the distortion artifacts known as aliasing.
- A graphics tablet is a computer input device that enables a user to hand-draw images with a special pen-like stylus, similar to the way a person draws images with a pencil and paper.
- A clipping mask is an object whose shape masks other artwork so that only areas that lie within the shape are visible
- Blend modes (or Mixing modes) in digital image editing are used to determine how two layers are blended into each other. The blending modes I use more frequently are Multiply and Overlay.

___________________________________________
Credits (and Twitter handles):

Video concept and Narration by Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)

With Contributions from: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Omkar Bhagat, Emily Elert, Peter Reich, Rachel Becker, David Goldenberg

Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

Image Credits:

Cross Stitch Pokemon - DeviantArt user MissTetraZelda
http://misstetrazelda.deviantart.com/...

Isometric Pixel Art - DeviantArt user RGBfumes
http://rgbfumes.deviantart.com/art/Is...

Pixel Art Wallpaper - Flickr user RodrixAP
https://www.flickr.com/photos/rodrixa...

Vector Corvette Illustration - DeviantArt user troy2007
http://troy2007.deviantart.com/art/Ve...

___________________________________________

A big thank-you to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :

- Today I Found Out
- Maarten Bremer
- Jeff Straathof
- Mark Roth
- Tony Fadell
- Muhammad Shifaz
- 靛蓝字幕组
- Jagdtiger
- Alberto Bortoni
- Valentin
- Nicholas Buckendorf
- Antoine Coeur

_________________________________________

Like our videos? Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd

Get early, exclusive access to our videos on Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ

Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n

Direct download: The_Basics_Of_Digital_Illustration.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

Thanks to Curtin University and the University of Western Australia for sponsoring this video. Also, special thanks to Kingsley Dixon and the Orchid Specialist Group of the IUCN’s Species Survival Commission.

______
If you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:
– Mycelium
– Mycorrizhae: a fungus that grows in association with the roots of a plant in a symbiotic or mildly pathogenic relationship.
– Mycoheterotroph: A plant that is completely reliant on fungus for all of its nutrition.
– Sexual deception: A trick used by numerous orchid species of looking and/or smelling like female insects in order to draw male insects to their flowers (for pollination)
– Food deception: Rather than offering pollinators real food rewards (such as nectar or pollen), some orchids merely mimic the looks and smells of other, nearby flowers that offer such rewards.
– Pollinia: In most flowering plants, pollen is a powdery substance made up of tons of individual pollen grains. But orchids pack their grains into a couple of sticky sacks (pollinia) instead.
– Epiphyte: A plant that grows harmlessly upon another plant. Lots of tropical orchids are epiphytes
– Lithophyte: A plant that grows on rocks

Species Featured in this video:
- Phantom Orchid (Cephalanthera austiniae)
- Bee orchid (Ophrys apifera)
- Fly orchid (Ophrys insectifera)
- Mirror orchid (Ophrys speculum)
- Red Helleborine Orchid (Cephalanthera rubra)
- Nettle-leaved bellflower (Campanula trachelium)
- Hammer orchid (Drakaea glyptodon)
- Wasp (Zaspilothynnus trilobatus)
- Lady's slipper orchids (Cypripedium calceolus)
- Dracula orchids (Dracula terborchii and Dracula andreettae)
- Spider orchids (Genus Caladenia)
- Cigar Orchid (Cyrtopodium punctatum)
- Venus slipper (Paphiopedilum Maudiae)

______
Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Peter Reich
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrators: Omkar Bhagat (@TheCuriousEnggr) and Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Rachel Becker and David Goldenberg

Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

Image Credits:
Phantom Orchid - Miguel Vieira
Ophrys apifera - Hans Hillewaert
Ophrys insectifera - Bernd Haynold
Ophrys speculum - Wikimedia user Esculapio
Cephalanthera rubra and Campanula trachelium - Olivier Pichard
Hammer Orchid Animation based on Photos by Rod Peakall
Lady Slipper Orchid - Flickr user ladydragonflyherworld

______
References:

Cameron DD, Johnson I, Read DJ, Leake JR. 2008. Giving and receiving: measuring the carbon cost of mycorrhizas in the green orchid, Goodyera repens. New Phytologist 180: 176–184.




Cameron DD, Leake JR, Read DJ. 2006. Mutualistic mycorrhiza in orchids: evidence from plant-fungus carbon and nitrogen transfers in the green- leaved terrestrial orchid Goodyera repens. New Phytologist 171: 405–416.




Cameron DD, Preiss K, Gebauer G, Read DJ. 2009. The chlorophyll containing orchid Corallorhiza trifida derives little carbon through photosynthesis. New Phytologist 183: 358–364.

Givnish, T. J., Spalink, D., Ames, M., Lyon, S. P., Hunter, S. J., Zuluaga, A., . . . Cameron, K. M. (2015). Orchid phylogenomics and multiple drivers of their extraordinary diversification. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Proc. R. Soc. B, 282(1814), 20151553. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1553




Hopper, S. D., & Brown, A. P. (2007). A revision of Australia' s hammer orchids (Drakaea: Orchidaceae), with some field data on species-specific sexually deceived wasp pollinators. Aust. Systematic Bot. Australian Systematic Botany, 20(3), 252. Retrieved April 28, 2016, from https://goo.gl/3l7Yuv.

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://goo.gl/3tzFuC.Accessed online April 27, 2016.

Koopowitz, H.. (1992). A STOCHASTIC MODEL FOR THE EXTINCTION OF TROPICAL ORCHIDS. Selbyana,13, 115–122. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41759800

Mccormick, M. K., Taylor, D. L., Juhaszova, K., Burnett, R. K., Whigham, D. F., & O’Neill, J. P. (2012). Limitations on orchid recruitment: Not a simple picture. Molecular Ecology, 21(6), 1511-1523. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05468.x

Merckx, V. and Freudenstein, J. V. (2010), Evolution of mycoheterotrophy in plants: a phylogenetic perspective. New Phytologist, 185: 605–609. Retrieved April 28, 2016, from http://goo.gl/CvCQOX)

Rasmussen, Hanne N., and Finn N. Rasmussen. "Orchid mycorrhiza: implications of a mycophagous life style." Oikos 118.3 (2009): 334-345.

Direct download: ME_87_-_Orchids-_The_Masters_Of_Lying_Cheating__Stealing.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

An outline of how we make our videos.

A big thank-you to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :

- Today I Found Out
- Maarten Bremer
- Jeff Straathof
- Mark Roth
- Tony Fadell
- Muhammad Shifaz
- 靛蓝字幕组
- Jagdtiger
- Alberto Bortoni
- Valentin
- Antoine Coeur
___________________________________________
Hey, this is Ever, I am sneaking in here two secret-related videos. Don't tell anyone :wink: :wink:

Editing Narration (Note: Long and probably boring)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKsON...

Drying the Colorado River
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q7Iw0...

___________________________________________
Credits (and Twitter handles):

Video concept and Narration by Henry Reich (@minutephysics)

With Contributions from: Emily Elert, Ever Salazar, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Omkar Bhagat, Peter Reich, Rachel Becker and David Goldenberg

Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
_________________________________________

Like our videos? Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd

Get early, exclusive access to our videos on Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ

Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

Say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

Or find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n

Direct download: How_We_Make_MinuteEarth_Videos_Behind_the_Scenes.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

Thanks to http://www.audible.com/minuteearth for sponsoring this video.
A new fish counting method has revealed there are ten times more fish in the sea than we previously thought.*
*But unfortunately, this doesn't mean we're not overfishing.

If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like these things:
Seeing the Sky as Galileo Saw it: http://tdc-www.harvard.edu/software/s...

We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:
- Milky Way: Earth's home galaxy
- The Malaspina Expedition 2010: A research project to explore ocean biodiversity by recreating the path of a late 18th Century scientific expedition.
- Sonar: A technique that uses soundwaves to map out underwater objects.
- Avoidance of Trawl: A behavior in which fish move out of the way of an incoming net, perhaps through bioluminescent signalling.
- Bioluminescence: Light produced by a living organism.
- Deep water fish: Fish who live more than 500m below the ocean surface in the Mesopelagic, Epipelagic, and Bathypelagic zones.
Species featured in this video:
- Stoplight loosejaws (Malacosteus niger)
- Common Fangtooth (Anoplogaster cornuta)
- Lanternfishes or myctophids (Family Myctophidae)
- Bristlemouths (Genus Cyclothone): The most populous vertebrate on Earth.
___________________________________________

A big thank-you to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :
- Today I Found Out
- Maarten Bremer
- Jeff Straathof
- Mark Roth
- Tony Fadell
- Muhammad Shifaz
- 靛蓝字幕组
- Jagdtiger
- Alberto Bortoni
- Valentin
- Antoine Coeur
___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Omkar Bhagat, Peter Reich, Rachel Becker
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

_________________________________________

Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Get early, exclusive access to our videos on Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n

___________________________________________

References:

Kaarvedt, S., Staby, A., Aksnes, D.L. (2012). Efficient trawl avoidance by mesopelagic fishes causes large underestimation of their biomass. Marine Ecology Progress Series,456(1-6). Retrieved fromhttp://www.int-res.com/articles/featu...

Broad, W. (2015). An Ocean Mystery in the Trillions. New York Times, D1. Retrieved from:http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/30/sci...

Xabier Irigoien, T. A. Klevjer, A. Røstad, U. Martinez, G. Boyra, J. L. Acuña, A. Bode, F. Echevarria, J. I. Gonzalez-Gordillo, S. Hernandez-Leon, S. Agusti, D. L. Aksnes, C. M. Duarte & S. Kaartvedt (2014). Large mesopelagic fishes biomass and trophic efficiency in the open ocean. Nature Communications, 5, 3271. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/140...

Kaarvedt, S. (2016). Personal Communication.

Duarte, C. (2016). Personal Communication.

Direct download: ME_85_-_Why_We_Sucked_At_Counting_Fish_Until_Now.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

Thanks to http://www.audible.com/minuteearth for sponsoring this video. The title of this video changes every 10 seconds to reflect an estimate of the actual energy used just by people (like you!) watching it. Thanks to Jasper Palfree for doing the computer magic that makes that possible!

Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :
- Today I Found Out
- Maarten Bremer
- Jeff Straathof
- Mark Roth
- Tony Fadell
- Muhammad Shifaz
- 靛蓝字幕组
- Jagdtiger
- Alberto Bortoni
- Valentin
- Nicholas Buckendorf
- Antoine Coeur
___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Henry Reich (@MinutePhysics)
Script Editor: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Video Illustrator: Omkar Bhagat (@TheCuriousEnggr)
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Henry Reich (@MinutePhysics)
With Contributions From: Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich, Rachel Becker, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

_________________________________________

Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Get early, exclusive access to our videos on Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________

FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:
Data – information, typically stored on computers via electrical signals
Electrons – small elementary particles that flow through wires to transmit power and data
Photons – small elementary particles of light that carry information from screens to your face
Local Metro Network – computer network on the scale of a city, town, neighborhood, etc
Live action video – a video recording of the real world (people, scenery, etc) created using a camera
Data compression – storing data (pictures, video, text files, etc) in less space than the way it’s normally displayed. Kind of like a modern version of microfilm. Or words.
Illustrated video – video created using computer software to generate still images, kind of like a fancy powerpoint slideshow
Gangnam style – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bZkp7q19f0
___________________________________________

References:

Assessing Internet energy intensity: A review of methods and results: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195925513001121

The Energy Intensity of the Internet: Home and Access Networks: http://publicationslist.org/data/lorenz.hilty/ref-229/2014_Coroama_Schien_Preist_Hilty_Energy_Intensity_Internet_Home_Access.pdf

The Energy Intensity of the Internet: Edge and Core Networks: http://publicationslist.org/data/lorenz.hilty/ref-229/2014_Coroama_Schien_Preist_Hilty_Energy_Intensity_Internet_Home_Access.pdf

Emerging Trends in Electricity Consumption for Consumer ICT:
http://tinyurl.com/h69uvma

Average energy use of American home: https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=97&t=3

Typical wattages of everyday electronics: https://www.gozolt.com/blog/power-devices-consume/

Energy in AA Batteries: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA_battery

tablet energy use:
http://tinyurl.com/zy8jcle
http://tinyurl.com/j8for2u
http://tinyurl.com/zy8jcle
http://tinyurl.com/o2u2y9m

Hidden energy costs online: http://tinyurl.com/zh93kwq

Average computer energy use:
http://tinyurl.com/gsqzdz6 (~100W)
http://tinyurl.com/z9c92fs

Estimate to transfer 1Mb of data (average efficiency): http://tinyurl.com/jb2od4k

Energy efficiency of internet: http://tinyurl.com/jq5hndm

Broadband usage guide: http://tinyurl.com/gmezjkg

Direct download: ME_84_-_Energy_Cost_Of_A_YouTube_Video.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

Get a 2-meal discount from Blue Apron here: http://cook.ba/1W7fRdC
The Survey Results: http://bit.ly/29boaUB

If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like this blog post about asparagus pee: http://bit.ly/1TOEBHZ

FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:
Asparagus: a delicious, edible plant
Odor: a smell, aroma
Gas chromatography: a scientific technique used to separate and analyze compounds
Sulfur: a yellow chemical element with the symbol S
Asparagusic Acid: a sulfur containing compound present in asparagus

People featured in this video:
- Marcel Proust
- Benjamin Franklin
- John Arbuthnot
___________________________________________

Thanks to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :
- Today I Found Out
- Maarten Bremer
- Jeff Straathof
- Mark Roth
- Tony Fadell
- Muhammad Shifaz
- 靛蓝字幕组
- Jagdtiger
- Alberto Bortoni
- Valentin
- Nicholas Buckendorf
- Antoine Coeur
___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Rachel Becker (@RA_Becks)
Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Omkar Bhagat, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

Image Credits: Purple, white and green asparagus - iStock.com/PicturePartners

Viceroy Butterfly - Wikimedia user PiccoloNamek
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Viceroy_Butterfly.jpg

Eggs and Asparagus - Michelle Hooton (used with permission)
https://www.flickr.com/photos/_hoot/8636916522

_________________________________________

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___________________________________________

References:

Eriksson, N., Macpherson, J. M., Tung, J. Y., Hon, L. S., Naughton, B., Saxonov, S., . . . Mountain, J. (2010). Web-Based, Participant-Driven Studies Yield Novel Genetic Associations for Common Traits. PLoS Genetics PLoS Genet, 6(6). Retrieved from http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000993

Mitchell, S. C. (2001). Food Idiosyncrasies: Beetroot and Asparagus. Drug Metabolism & Disposition, 29(4), 539-543. Retrieved from http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/29/4/539.full#ref-62

Mitchell, S. C., & Waring, R. H. (2014). Asparagusic acid. Phytochemistry, 97, 5-10. Retrieved from http://www.silae.it/files/Asparagusic acid.pdf

Pelchat, M. L., Bykowski, C., Duke, F. F., & Reed, D. R. (2010). Excretion and Perception of a Characteristic Odor in Urine after Asparagus Ingestion: A Psychophysical and Genetic Study. Chemical Senses, 36(1), 9-17. Retrieved from http://chemse.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2010/09/27/chemse.bjq081.full.pdf

Waring, R. H., Mitchell, S. C., & Fenwick, G. R. (1987). The chemical nature of the urinary odour produced by man after asparagus ingestion. Xenobiotica, 17(11), 1363-1371. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00498258709047166

Direct download: ME_83_-_The_Mystery_Of_Asparagus_Pee.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

A big thank-you to our supporters on Patreon https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :
- Today I Found Out
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- Jeff Straathof
- Mark Roth
- Tony Fadell
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- 靛蓝字幕组
- Maletendo Bezenga
- Kapero
- Zarko Obrenovic
- Duhilio Patiño
- Alberto Bortoni
- Valentin
- Nicholas Buckendorf
- Antoine Coeur
___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Script Editor: Henry Reich (@MinutePhysics)
Video Illustrator: Omkar Bhagat (@TheCuriousEnggr)
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert)
With Contributions From: Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich, Rachel Becker, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
_________________________________________

Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Get early, exclusive access to our videos on Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

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And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________

If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like these things:

Rohrlich, J. (2015). Should Society Start Contacting the Amazon's Uncontacted Tribes?. VICE News. https://goo.gl/b3hfmR

Kluger, J. (2015). Is It Ethical to Leave Uncontacted Tribes Alone? Time Magazine. http://time.com/3909470/tribes-uncont...

Survival International Q+A about “Uncontacted Tribes”: http://goo.gl/x9D9PB

Glob, A. 2008. Are there ‘uncontacted tribes’? The short answer: No. Savage Minds Blog. http://goo.gl/ihWUyw

FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:

- isolated peoples: peoples living without significant contact with global civilization, either by choice or circumstance
- uncontacted peoples: another term for isolated peoples, even though most isolated peoples have actually been in some form of contact with global civilization
- forest peoples: indigenous peoples who live in and depend on forests for their livelihoods
- first contact: the first meeting of two cultures previously unaware of one another
- controlled contact: a planned, organized first contact involving health care professionals and cultural translators
- no-contact approach: a policy to leave isolated peoples alone
- Prime Directive: a Star Trek guiding principle prohibiting Starfleet personnel from interfering with the internal development of alien civilizations
- self-determination: the right of a people to freely choose their political, economic, social, and cultural systems without interference
- autonomy: the right or condition of self-government and expression of aspirations free from external control or influence
___________________________________________

References:

Feather, C. (2015). Isolated tribes: Contact misguided. Science (New York, NY), 349(6250), 798-798. http://goo.gl/BPL2RX

Lawler, A. (2015). Making contact. Science, 348(6239), 1072-1079. http://science.sciencemag.org/content...

Pringle, H. (2015). In peril. Science, 348(6239), 1080-1085. http://science.sciencemag.org/content...

Walker, R. S., & Hill, K. R. (2015). Protecting isolated tribes. Science,348(6239), 1061-1061. http://science.sciencemag.org/content...

Walker, R. S., & Hill, K. R. (2016). Personal communication.

News Article about the Science magazine feature: http://goo.gl/rpIFyZ


Articles about recent Brazil & Peru First Contacts:

Fraser, B. (2014). Controversial Peru gas project expansion gets go-ahead. Thomson Reuters Foundation. http://goo.gl/J4d6zt

Fraser, B. (2015). Isolated tribespeople receiving care after violent contact in Brazil. Science Magazine News. http://goo.gl/K6A01W

Hill, D. (2014). Gas firm to move deeper into reserve for indigenous people in Peru. The Guardian. http://goo.gl/6JJDZ4

Nuwer, R. (2014). Anthropology: The sad truth about uncontacted tribes. BBC Future. http://goo.gl/nEkGLC

Pringle, H. (2014). Uncontacted tribe in Brazil emerges from isolation. Science, 345(6193), 125-126. http://science.sciencemag.org/content...

Pringle. H. (2014). Video of tribe's first contact shows both tension and friendly overtures. Science Magazine News. http://goo.gl/lH8WhA

Tharoor, I. (2015). Do the world’s ‘uncontacted’ tribes deserve to be left alone? Washington Post. https://goo.gl/6Qeiyb

Direct download: ME_82_-_Should_We_Contact_Uncontacted_Peoples.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

Direct download: The_Deadliest_Ice_Age_Ever.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 6:30pm EDT

Direct download: .mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 3:34pm EDT

Direct download: .mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 3:49pm EDT

Download a free audiobook when you sign up for a 30-day trial at http://www.audible.com/minuteearth

Ending the battle between vegans, vegetarians, and everyone else | Brian Kateman TEDx: https://goo.gl/WzRRSY

Why Are Vegetarians Annoying? | Hank Green: https://goo.gl/xRCI4n
___________________________________________
Thanks also to our Patreon patrons:
- Today I Found Out
- Maarten Bremer
- Jeff Straathof
- Mark Roth
- Tony Fadell
- Muhammad Shifaz
- 靛蓝字幕组
- Maletendo Bezenga
- Duhilio Patiño
- Alberto Bortoni
- Valentin
- Nicholas Buckendorf
- Antoine Coeur
___________________________________________
Want to learn more about this video's topic? Here are some keywords to get your googling started:

Externality: a cost or benefit caused by an activity that affects other parties but is not taken into consideration (e.g. by being reflected in purchase prices)

Hidden cost: a cost not included in the purchase price, such as additional expenses, opportunity costs, or externalities

Social Cost: an expense to society that is the sum of the private costs paid by a firm or individual, and the externalities paid by other parties

Reducetarianism: the practice of eating less meat (& dairy, eggs, & other animal products), which may be appealing because not everyone is able or willing to follow a completely meat-free diet.
___________________________________________
Credits:
Script Writer: Alex Reich (twitter: @alexhreich)
Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (twitter:@KateYoshida)
Video Illustrator: Omkar Bhagat (twitter:@TheCuriousEnggr)
Video Director: Emily Elert (twitter:@eelert)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich (twitter: @MinutePhysics) and Peter Reich
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
_________________________________________
Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Get early access to all of our videos on Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

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Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
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And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
________________________
References and Calculations: https://goo.gl/5B5ECv
(Open it in a Text Editor or R Studio)

Direct download: ME_79_-_How_Much_Does_Meat_Actually_Cost.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

Direct download: How_Mushrooms_Make_It_Rain.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 3:49pm EDT

Direct download: Males_vs._Females__Sexual_Conflict.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 1:33am EDT

Direct download: .mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 3:21pm EDT

Today's oceans are full of fish with fins that couldn't evolve into limbs like ours. So, who are our ancestors and where did they go?

If you're a fan of MinuteEarth but don't yet support us on Patreon, please check out our Patreon page: https://www.patreon.com/minuteearth

A BIG thank you to our Patreon supporters, especially to:
- Today I Found Out
- Maarten Bremer
- Jeff Straathof
- Mark Roth
- Tony Fadell
- Muhammad Shifaz
- 靛蓝字幕组
- Viraansh Bhanushali
- Duhilio Patiño
- Alberto Bortoni
- Valentin
- Nicholas Buckendorf
- Antoine Coeur
___________________________________________

Want to learn more about the topic in this week’s video? Here are some keywords/phrases to get your googling started:
Lobe-finned Fishes, Ray-Finned fishes, Panderichthys, Late Devonian

_________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Script Editor: Peter Reich
Video Illustrator: Omkar Bhagat (@TheCuriousEnggr)
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
With Contributions From: Alex Reich (@alexhreich), Ever Salazar (@eversalazar) and Henry Reich (@minutephysics)
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

_________________________________________

Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
And for exclusive early access to all our videos, sign up with Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ

Already subbed?
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Also, say hello on:
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Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And find us on itunes: http://podcast.minuteearth.com/
________________________

References:

Clack, Jennifer. (2016). Personal Communication.

Merck, John. GEOL 431 Vertebrate Paleobiology Lecture Notes, University of Maryland. Retrieved from https://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol...

McGhee, G. R. (2013). When the invasion of land failed: The legacy of the Devonian extinctions. Columbia University Press.

Sallan, L. C., & Coates, M. I. (2010). End-Devonian extinction and a bottleneck in the early evolution of modern jawed vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(22), 10131-10135. Retrieved from http://www.pnas.org/content/107/22/10...

Direct download: ME_78_-_Which_Fish_Did_We_Evolve_From.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

Thanks to Audible for supporting this video. Get your free 30-day trial at https://www.audible.com/minuteearth

Thanks also to our Patreon patrons:
Today I Found Out, Maarten Bremer, Mark Roth, Jeff Straathof, Tony Fadell, Ahmed, Muhammad Shifaz, Vidhya Krishnaraj, Luka Leskovsek, Duhilio Patino, Alberto Bortoni, Valentin, Nicholas Buckendorf, and Antoine Coeur
___________________________________________

Want to learn more about the topic in this week’s video? Here are some keywords/phrases to get your googling started:
– Mass Extinction Event: a significant, global decrease in the diversity of life
– "Big 5": The five biggest mass extinction events since the Cambrian explosion of Life 550 million years ago
– Biodiversity Crisis: Like a mass extinction, a biodiversity crisis is a marked depletion in diversity in the fossil record. Some scientists prefer to call the late-Devonian extinction a "biodiversity crisis" because a lack of speciation contributed to the loss in diversity just as much as extinction did.
– Diversity curve: A line chart that shows the diversity of life (usually by genera, but sometimes by species or family) over time
– Lagerstatte: a deposit of sedimentary rock that contains a profound number of fossils, often with excellent preservation
– Shareholder Quorum Subsampling: A statistical method that corrects for some of the biases in the fossil record, allowing scientists to generate more accurate diversity curves
___________________________________________

Credits:
Script Writer: Emily Elert (twitter:@eelert)
Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (twitter:@KateYoshida)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (twitter:@eversalazar)
Video Director: Emily Elert (twitter:@eelert)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich (twitter:@minutephysics), Alex Reich (twitter:@alexhreich), Peter Reich
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
_________________________________________

Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
And for exclusive early access to all our videos, sign up with Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ

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Help us keep making MinuteEarth by supporting us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

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Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
________________________

References:

Alroy, J. (2015). Personal Communication.

Alroy, J. (2008). Dynamics of origination and extinction in the marine fossil record. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 11536-11542. Retrieved April 8, 2015, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/artic...

Alroy, J. (n.d.). Accurate and precise estimates of origination and extinction rates. Paleobiology, 40(3), 374-397. Retrieved September 20, 2015, from https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/pdf...

Benton, M. (2003). When life nearly died: The greatest mass extinction of all time. New York: Thames & Hudson.

Barrett, Paul M. (2015). Personal Communication.

Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database.
http://fossilworks.org/?page=paleodb

Lloyd, GT, Smith, AB and Young, JR, (2011). Quantifying the deep-sea rock and fossil record bias using coccolithophores. Geological Society Special Publication, 358 (1), 167-177.

Mcghee, G., Clapham, M., Sheehan, P., Bottjer, D., & Droser, M. (2013). A new ecological-severity ranking of major Phanerozoic biodiversity crises. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 370, 260-270.

Raup, D. (1979). Biases in the fossil record of species and genera. Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History 13: 85–91.

Raup, D., & Sepkoski, J. (1982). Mass Extinctions in the Marine Fossil Record. Science, 215(4539), 1501-1503.

Vermeij, GJ. (2015). Personal Communication.

Direct download: ME_62_-_How_Many_Mass_Extinctions_Have_There_Been.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

NBC & YouTube actually asked us to make TWO videos for the Democratic Presidential Debate on January 17th, 2016. Here’s the video that DIDN’T get shown at the debate.

Our video that was shown: https://youtu.be/vbE5PSu-p0s
Watch the whole debate: https://www.youtube.com/user/NBCNews

Like our videos? Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd

Thanks to our amazing Patreon patrons for making this kind of special video possible!
- Luka Leskovsek
- Duhilio Patino
- Alberto Bortoni
- Valentin
- Nicholas Buckendorf
- Antoine Coeur
- Ahmed
- Muhammad Shifaz
- Tony Fadell
- Jeff Straathof
- Mark Roth
- Maarten Bremer
- Today I Found Out
___________________________________________

Want to learn more about the topic in this week’s video? Here are some keywords to get your googling started:
COP21: The climate conference held in Paris in December 2015, at which the Paris Agreement was signed. It’s called COP21 because it was the 21st annual meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
Paris Agreement: The voluntary agreement signed at COP21 between 196 world governments that sets the world on a path toward limiting human-caused climate change to well below 2°C.
INDC: As part of the Paris Agreement, governments filed an INDC, or Intended Nationally Determined Contributions, leading up to COP21. Most countries made a commitment to reduce their net greenhouse gas emissions by a set amount over the next decade.
Clean Power Plan: The biggest contribution to U.S. emissions reductions over the next decade will come from the Clean Power Plan – a rule set out by President Obama in August 2015 that mandates emissions cuts for 48 U.S. states.
Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE): The CAFE program sets standards for the fuel efficiency of cars and light trucks. President Obama set out new rules in 2015 that require cars to reach a fuel economy of 54.5 miles per gallon by 2025.

___________________________________________

Credits:
Script Writer: Emily Elert (twitter:@eelert)
Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (twitter:@KateYoshida)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (twitter:@eversalazar)
Video Director: Emily Elert (twitter:@eelert)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich (twitter:@minutephysics), Alex Reich (twitter:@alexhreich), Peter Reich, and Omkar Bhagat: (twitter:@TheCuriousEnggr)
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
_________________________________________

For exclusive early access to all our videos, sign up with Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ

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And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
________________________

References:

IPCC First Assessment Report. http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/1992%2...

GD Banks. SUCCESS OF U.S. CLIMATE PLEDGE DEPENDS ON FUTURE GHG REGULATION OF U.S. INDUSTRY, OTHER SECTORS. ACCF CENTER FOR POLICY RESEARCH SPECIAL REPORT, NOVEMBER 2015
http://www.eenews.net/assets/2015/12/...

U.S. INDC (Voluntary Commitment for Paris Agreement)
http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/IN...

Paris Agreement
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/...

U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report: 1990-2013. EPA.
http://www3.epa.gov/climatechange/ghg...

Direct download: ME_77_-_DemDebate_Secret_Video-_What_The_U.S._Promised_In_Paris.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

YouTube and NBC invited us to make a video for the final Democratic Candidate’s Debate before the US Presidential primaries. Here’s our video (about climate change & energy), Lester Holt’s question, & the candidates’ responses.

Like our video? Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Watch the whole debate: https://www.youtube.com/user/NBCNews

Thanks to our Patreon patrons for making this kind of video possible!

- Vidhya Krishnaraj
- Luka Leskovsek
- Duhilio Patino
- Alberto Bortoni
- Valentin
- Nicholas Buckendorf
- Antoine Coeur
- Ahmed
- Muhammad Shifaz
- Tony Fadell
- Jeff Straathof
- Mark Roth
- Maarten Bremer
- Today I Found Out

___________________________________________

Want to learn more about this video’s topic? Here are some keywords to get your googling started:

climate change, global warming, alternative energy, renewable energy, fossil fuels

___________________________________________

Credits:
Script Writer: Kate Yoshida (twitter:@KateYoshida)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (twitter:@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (twitter:@eversalazar)
Video Director: Emily Elert (twitter:@eelert)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich (twitter:@minutephysics), Alex Reich (twitter:@alexhreich), Peter Reich, and Omkar Bhagat: (twitter:@TheCuriousEnggr)
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
_________________________________________

For exclusive early access to all our videos, sign up with Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ

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Help us keep making MinuteEarth by supporting us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

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Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC
And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n

_________________________________________

References:
Total US energy consumption by source in 2014
82% fossil fuels (petroleum 35%, coal 18%, natural gas 28%)
10% renewables (solar 0.4%, geothermal 0.2%, wind 1.8%, biofuels 5%, hydro 2.6%)
8% nuclear

http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/in...

http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm...

Direct download: ME_76_-_Americas_Energy_Future-_MinuteEarth_At_The_DemDebate.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

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