MinuteEarth

Have ever wondered how digital illustrations are made? This video explains the basics. Help us keep making videos by supporting us in https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth

We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:

- A raster graphics image is a digital image made of a grid of pixels
- Software able to edit raster graphics: Photoshop, Corel Painter, GIMP, Krita, etc.
- GIMP is free and open-source. Check them at https://www.gimp.org/
- Krita is also free and open-source. Check them at https://krita.org
- Pixel Art is a form of digital art where images are edited on the pixel level.
- Cross-stitch is a popular form of counted-thread embroidery in which X-shaped stitches in a tiled, raster-like pattern are used to form a picture.
- Vector graphics images are made up of mathematical shapes and can be scaled as much as needed without loss in quality.
- Software able to edit vector graphics: Adobe Illustrator, CorelDraw, Inkscape, etc.
- Inkscape is free and open-source. Check them at https://inkscape.org/
- Jaggies is the informal name for artifacts in raster images, most frequently from aliasing.
- Anti-aliasing is the technique of minimizing the distortion artifacts known as aliasing.
- A graphics tablet is a computer input device that enables a user to hand-draw images with a special pen-like stylus, similar to the way a person draws images with a pencil and paper.
- A clipping mask is an object whose shape masks other artwork so that only areas that lie within the shape are visible
- Blend modes (or Mixing modes) in digital image editing are used to determine how two layers are blended into each other. The blending modes I use more frequently are Multiply and Overlay.

___________________________________________
Credits (and Twitter handles):

Video concept and Narration by Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)

With Contributions from: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Omkar Bhagat, Emily Elert, Peter Reich, Rachel Becker, David Goldenberg

Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

Image Credits:

Cross Stitch Pokemon - DeviantArt user MissTetraZelda
http://misstetrazelda.deviantart.com/...

Isometric Pixel Art - DeviantArt user RGBfumes
http://rgbfumes.deviantart.com/art/Is...

Pixel Art Wallpaper - Flickr user RodrixAP
https://www.flickr.com/photos/rodrixa...

Vector Corvette Illustration - DeviantArt user troy2007
http://troy2007.deviantart.com/art/Ve...

___________________________________________

A big thank-you to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :

- Today I Found Out
- Maarten Bremer
- Jeff Straathof
- Mark Roth
- Tony Fadell
- Muhammad Shifaz
- 靛蓝字幕组
- Jagdtiger
- Alberto Bortoni
- Valentin
- Nicholas Buckendorf
- Antoine Coeur

_________________________________________

Like our videos? Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd

Get early, exclusive access to our videos on Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ

Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n

Direct download: The_Basics_Of_Digital_Illustration.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

Thanks to Curtin University and the University of Western Australia for sponsoring this video. Also, special thanks to Kingsley Dixon and the Orchid Specialist Group of the IUCN’s Species Survival Commission.

______
If you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:
– Mycelium
– Mycorrizhae: a fungus that grows in association with the roots of a plant in a symbiotic or mildly pathogenic relationship.
– Mycoheterotroph: A plant that is completely reliant on fungus for all of its nutrition.
– Sexual deception: A trick used by numerous orchid species of looking and/or smelling like female insects in order to draw male insects to their flowers (for pollination)
– Food deception: Rather than offering pollinators real food rewards (such as nectar or pollen), some orchids merely mimic the looks and smells of other, nearby flowers that offer such rewards.
– Pollinia: In most flowering plants, pollen is a powdery substance made up of tons of individual pollen grains. But orchids pack their grains into a couple of sticky sacks (pollinia) instead.
– Epiphyte: A plant that grows harmlessly upon another plant. Lots of tropical orchids are epiphytes
– Lithophyte: A plant that grows on rocks

Species Featured in this video:
- Phantom Orchid (Cephalanthera austiniae)
- Bee orchid (Ophrys apifera)
- Fly orchid (Ophrys insectifera)
- Mirror orchid (Ophrys speculum)
- Red Helleborine Orchid (Cephalanthera rubra)
- Nettle-leaved bellflower (Campanula trachelium)
- Hammer orchid (Drakaea glyptodon)
- Wasp (Zaspilothynnus trilobatus)
- Lady's slipper orchids (Cypripedium calceolus)
- Dracula orchids (Dracula terborchii and Dracula andreettae)
- Spider orchids (Genus Caladenia)
- Cigar Orchid (Cyrtopodium punctatum)
- Venus slipper (Paphiopedilum Maudiae)

______
Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Peter Reich
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrators: Omkar Bhagat (@TheCuriousEnggr) and Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Rachel Becker and David Goldenberg

Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

Image Credits:
Phantom Orchid - Miguel Vieira
Ophrys apifera - Hans Hillewaert
Ophrys insectifera - Bernd Haynold
Ophrys speculum - Wikimedia user Esculapio
Cephalanthera rubra and Campanula trachelium - Olivier Pichard
Hammer Orchid Animation based on Photos by Rod Peakall
Lady Slipper Orchid - Flickr user ladydragonflyherworld

______
References:

Cameron DD, Johnson I, Read DJ, Leake JR. 2008. Giving and receiving: measuring the carbon cost of mycorrhizas in the green orchid, Goodyera repens. New Phytologist 180: 176–184.




Cameron DD, Leake JR, Read DJ. 2006. Mutualistic mycorrhiza in orchids: evidence from plant-fungus carbon and nitrogen transfers in the green- leaved terrestrial orchid Goodyera repens. New Phytologist 171: 405–416.




Cameron DD, Preiss K, Gebauer G, Read DJ. 2009. The chlorophyll containing orchid Corallorhiza trifida derives little carbon through photosynthesis. New Phytologist 183: 358–364.

Givnish, T. J., Spalink, D., Ames, M., Lyon, S. P., Hunter, S. J., Zuluaga, A., . . . Cameron, K. M. (2015). Orchid phylogenomics and multiple drivers of their extraordinary diversification. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Proc. R. Soc. B, 282(1814), 20151553. doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1553




Hopper, S. D., & Brown, A. P. (2007). A revision of Australia' s hammer orchids (Drakaea: Orchidaceae), with some field data on species-specific sexually deceived wasp pollinators. Aust. Systematic Bot. Australian Systematic Botany, 20(3), 252. Retrieved April 28, 2016, from https://goo.gl/3l7Yuv.

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://goo.gl/3tzFuC.Accessed online April 27, 2016.

Koopowitz, H.. (1992). A STOCHASTIC MODEL FOR THE EXTINCTION OF TROPICAL ORCHIDS. Selbyana,13, 115–122. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/41759800

Mccormick, M. K., Taylor, D. L., Juhaszova, K., Burnett, R. K., Whigham, D. F., & O’Neill, J. P. (2012). Limitations on orchid recruitment: Not a simple picture. Molecular Ecology, 21(6), 1511-1523. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05468.x

Merckx, V. and Freudenstein, J. V. (2010), Evolution of mycoheterotrophy in plants: a phylogenetic perspective. New Phytologist, 185: 605–609. Retrieved April 28, 2016, from http://goo.gl/CvCQOX)

Rasmussen, Hanne N., and Finn N. Rasmussen. "Orchid mycorrhiza: implications of a mycophagous life style." Oikos 118.3 (2009): 334-345.

Direct download: ME_87_-_Orchids-_The_Masters_Of_Lying_Cheating__Stealing.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

An outline of how we make our videos.

A big thank-you to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :

- Today I Found Out
- Maarten Bremer
- Jeff Straathof
- Mark Roth
- Tony Fadell
- Muhammad Shifaz
- 靛蓝字幕组
- Jagdtiger
- Alberto Bortoni
- Valentin
- Antoine Coeur
___________________________________________
Hey, this is Ever, I am sneaking in here two secret-related videos. Don't tell anyone :wink: :wink:

Editing Narration (Note: Long and probably boring)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kKsON...

Drying the Colorado River
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q7Iw0...

___________________________________________
Credits (and Twitter handles):

Video concept and Narration by Henry Reich (@minutephysics)

With Contributions from: Emily Elert, Ever Salazar, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Omkar Bhagat, Peter Reich, Rachel Becker and David Goldenberg

Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
_________________________________________

Like our videos? Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd

Get early, exclusive access to our videos on Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ

Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

Say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

Or find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n

Direct download: How_We_Make_MinuteEarth_Videos_Behind_the_Scenes.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

Thanks to http://www.audible.com/minuteearth for sponsoring this video.
A new fish counting method has revealed there are ten times more fish in the sea than we previously thought.*
*But unfortunately, this doesn't mean we're not overfishing.

If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like these things:
Seeing the Sky as Galileo Saw it: http://tdc-www.harvard.edu/software/s...

We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:
- Milky Way: Earth's home galaxy
- The Malaspina Expedition 2010: A research project to explore ocean biodiversity by recreating the path of a late 18th Century scientific expedition.
- Sonar: A technique that uses soundwaves to map out underwater objects.
- Avoidance of Trawl: A behavior in which fish move out of the way of an incoming net, perhaps through bioluminescent signalling.
- Bioluminescence: Light produced by a living organism.
- Deep water fish: Fish who live more than 500m below the ocean surface in the Mesopelagic, Epipelagic, and Bathypelagic zones.
Species featured in this video:
- Stoplight loosejaws (Malacosteus niger)
- Common Fangtooth (Anoplogaster cornuta)
- Lanternfishes or myctophids (Family Myctophidae)
- Bristlemouths (Genus Cyclothone): The most populous vertebrate on Earth.
___________________________________________

A big thank-you to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :
- Today I Found Out
- Maarten Bremer
- Jeff Straathof
- Mark Roth
- Tony Fadell
- Muhammad Shifaz
- 靛蓝字幕组
- Jagdtiger
- Alberto Bortoni
- Valentin
- Antoine Coeur
___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Omkar Bhagat, Peter Reich, Rachel Becker
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

_________________________________________

Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Get early, exclusive access to our videos on Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n

___________________________________________

References:

Kaarvedt, S., Staby, A., Aksnes, D.L. (2012). Efficient trawl avoidance by mesopelagic fishes causes large underestimation of their biomass. Marine Ecology Progress Series,456(1-6). Retrieved fromhttp://www.int-res.com/articles/featu...

Broad, W. (2015). An Ocean Mystery in the Trillions. New York Times, D1. Retrieved from:http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/30/sci...

Xabier Irigoien, T. A. Klevjer, A. Røstad, U. Martinez, G. Boyra, J. L. Acuña, A. Bode, F. Echevarria, J. I. Gonzalez-Gordillo, S. Hernandez-Leon, S. Agusti, D. L. Aksnes, C. M. Duarte & S. Kaartvedt (2014). Large mesopelagic fishes biomass and trophic efficiency in the open ocean. Nature Communications, 5, 3271. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/ncomms/2014/140...

Kaarvedt, S. (2016). Personal Communication.

Duarte, C. (2016). Personal Communication.

Direct download: ME_85_-_Why_We_Sucked_At_Counting_Fish_Until_Now.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

1