MinuteEarth

Why do some species flourish and others falter? Sometimes it just comes down to luck.

A big thank-you to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :

- Today I Found Out
- Maarten Bremer
- Jeff Straathof
- Mark Roth
- Tony Fadell
- Muhammad Shifaz
- 靛蓝字幕组
- Alberto Bortoni
- Valentin
- Antoine Coeur
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FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:

- Bering land bridge: an ancient land bridge that connected Asia and North America at various times during the Quaternary glaciation, allowing Homo sapiens and other species migrations.

- The Holocene extinction: (also referred to as the Sixth extinction or Anthropocene extinction) is the ongoing extinction event of species during the present Holocene epoch (since around 10,000 BCE) mainly due to human activity. The Holocene extinction includes the disappearance of large land animals known as megafauna, starting between 9,000 and 13,000 years ago, the end of the last Ice Age.

- Atlatl (spear-thrower): is a tool that uses leverage to achieve greater velocity in dart-throwing.

- Bile bears: sometimes called battery bears, are bears kept in captivity to harvest their bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, which is used by some traditional Chinese medicine practitioners, though there is no evidence that bear bile has any medicinal effect, and no plausible mechanism by which it might work.

Species featured in this video:
- American black bear (Ursus americanus)
- Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus)
- Black-footed Ferret or American polecat (Mustela nigripes)
- Steppe polecat (Mustela eversmanii)
- Humans (Homo Sapiens)
- Prairie dogs (genus Cynomys)

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Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Henry Reich (@MinutePhysics)
With Contributions From: Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Peter Reich and Rachel Becker
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

Image Credits:

Mustela nigripes - USFWS Mountain Prairie
https://www.flickr.com/photos/usfwsmtnprairie/5244106245/

Mustela eversmanii - Andrei Kotkin (used with permission)

Ursus americanus - Ryan E. Poplin
http://flickr.com/photos/27446776@N00/668275432

Ursus thibetanus - Guérin Nicolas
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ursus_thibetanus_3_(Wroclaw_zoo).JPG
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References:

Schieck, B., McCown, W. (2014). Geographic distribution of American black bears in North America. Ursus, 25-1(24-33). Retrieved from http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_25_1_/Scheick_and_McCown_2014_Ursus.pdf

Pappas, S. (2014).Humans Blamed for Extinction of Mammoths, Mastodons & Giant Sloths. LiveScience. Retrieved from: http://www.livescience.com/46081-humans-megafauna-extinction.html

Feng, Y., Siu, K., Wang, N., Ng, K., Tsao, S., Nagamatsu, T., Tong, Y. (2009). Bear bile: dilemma of traditional medicinal use and animal protection. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 5:2. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630947/

Biggins, D., Hanebury, L., Miller, B., Powell, R. (2011). Black-footed ferrets and Siberian polecats as ecological surrogates and ecological equivalents. Journal of Mammalogy, 92(4): 710-720. Retrieved from https://www.fort.usgs.gov/sites/default/files/products/publications/22786a/22786a.pdf

Direct download: ME_86_-_Which_Bear_Is_Best.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

Thanks to http://www.audible.com/minuteearth for sponsoring this video.

Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :
- Today I Found Out
- Maarten Bremer
- Jeff Straathof
- Mark Roth
- Tony Fadell
- Muhammad Shifaz
- 靛蓝字幕组
- Alberto Bortoni
- Valentin
- Antoine Coeur
___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Omkar Bhagat (@TheCuriousEnggr)
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Henry Reich (@MinutePhysics)
With Contributions From: Alex Reich, Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich and Rachel Becker
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

_________________________________________

Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Get early, exclusive access to our videos on Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________

If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like these things:
Disgust Sensitivity Quiz: https://www.helloquizzy.com/tests/the-disgust-sensitivity-test

FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:
- Disgust: A feeling of revulsion at something unpleasant
- Emotion: A mental state that arises spontaneously.
- Pathogen: A tiny living organism that can cause disease.
- Reverse Osmosis: A way to purify water by pushing it through a semipermeable membrane.
- Toilet-to-tap: A framing device used by recycled water opponents to cause people to think of sewage.
- NEWater: The brand name given to recycled water in Singapore.
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Image Credits:

Chocolate brownie - Wikimedia User m
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Chocolatebrownie.JPG

Soup Cream - pixabay user wowwandee (Public Domain)
https://pixabay.com/en/cream-soup-food-vegetable-pumpkin-1285948/

Bed pan - Wikimedia user Michaelwalk (Public Domain)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Image-Oval-steel.jpg

Glass of Juice - Stiftelsen Elektronikkbransjen
https://www.flickr.com/photos/elektronikkbransjen/7308131990

Cockroach - Gary Alpert
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:American-cockroach.jpg


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References:

Rozin, P., Haddad, B., Nemeroff, C., Solvic, P. (2015). Psychological aspects of the rejection of recycled water: Contamination, purification and disgust. Judgement and Decision Making, 10-1(50-63). Retrieved from http://journal.sjdm.org/14/14117a/jdm14117a.pdf

Schwartz, J. (2015). Water Flowing From Toilet to Tap May Be Hard to Swallow. New York Times, D1. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/12/science/recycled-drinking-water-getting-past-the-yuck-factor.html?_r=0

Haddad, B. (2012). The Psychology of Water Reclamation and Reuse: Survey Findings and Research Roadmap. U.S. Case Studies, D22-D23. Retrieved from http://www.reclaimedwater.net/data/files/153.pdf

Nemeroff, C. (2016). Personal Communication.

Gallagher, D.. (2016). Personal Communication.

Direct download: ME_88_-_Would_You_Drink_Water_Made_From_Sewage-.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT

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