MinuteEarth

Thanks to http://www.givewell.org/ for sponsoring this video! To learn more about the Against Malaria Foundation, visit: http://www.givewell.org/AMF or https://www.againstmalaria.com.

Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth
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FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some keywords to get your googling started:

Malaria - a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.
Parasite - an organism that benefits by living in/on a host organism and deriving nutrients at the host's expense.
Host - an organism in/on which another organism lives.
Protozoa - a group of single-celled microscopic animals (not bacteria or viruses) that includes the Plasmodium species.
Plasmodium - a genus of parasitic protozoa, many of which cause malaria in their hosts. Four species regularly infect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, & P. ovale.
P. falciparum - the Plasmodium species that kills the most people, by causing malignant malaria, the most dangerous form of malaria.
Anopheles gambiae - a ‘complex' of at least seven species of mosquitoes that are the main vectors of P. falciparum in sub-Saharan Africa.
Species complex - a group of closely related species that look so similar that the boundaries between them are often unclear.
Hunting and gathering - depending primarily on wild foods for subsistence
Paleontology - the study of fossils and what fossils tell us about the past, about evolution, and about how humans fit into the world.
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Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Qingyang Chen
Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

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Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ


Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
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And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
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If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like:

Amazing animation of seasonal temperature suitability for malaria https://goo.gl/63pYGt
Americapox CGPGrey video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEYh5WACqEk
The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/history/

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References:

Carter, R., & Mendis, K. N. (2002). Evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria. Clinical microbiology reviews, 15(4), 564-594. http://cmr.asm.org/content/15/4/564.full

Gething, P. W., et al. (2011). A new world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2010. Malaria journal, 10(1), 1. http://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-10-378

Gething, P. W., et al. (2011). Modelling the global constraints of temperature on transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. Parasites & Vectors, 4(1), 1. http://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-3305-4-92

Hay, S. I., et al. (2004). The global distribution and population at risk of malaria: past, present, and future. The Lancet infectious diseases, 4(6), 327-336. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145123/

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). (2016). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington. Retrieved from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare.

Liu, W., et al. (2010). Origin of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in gorillas. Nature, 467(7314), 420-425. doi: 10.1038/nature09442

Malaria: Fact sheet (April 2016). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/

Packard, R. M. (2007). The making of a tropical disease: a short history of malaria (pp. 1-66 ). Baltimore.

Rich, S. M., et al. (2009). The origin of malignant malaria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(35), 14902-14907. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0907740106

Shah, S. (2010). The Fever: how malaria has ruled humankind for 500,000 years (pp. 1-33). Macmillan.

Sundararaman, S. A., et al. (2016). Genomes of cryptic chimpanzee Plasmodium species reveal key evolutionary events leading to human malaria. Nature communications, 7. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11078

Webb, J. L. (2009). Humanity's burden: a global history of malaria (pp. 1-91). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

World Health Organization. (2015). World malaria report 2015. World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2015/report/en/

Direct download: ME_101_-_How_Humans_Made_Malaria_So_Deadly.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 11:25am EDT

Almost all mammals with prehensile tails live in the neotropics because the forest is different there.

Thanks to http://www.audible.com/minuteearth for sponsoring this video.


Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :
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Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Emily Elert, Peter Reich
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder


Image Credits: Spider Monkey - Wikimedia user Petruss
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ateles_fusciceps_Colombia.JPG

Capuchin Monkey - Steve Jurvetson
https://www.flickr.com/photos/jurvetson/4238921909/

Guianan Saki - Wikimedia user Skyscraper
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:White-faced_Saki_2008-07.jpg

Emperor Tamarin - TheBrockenInaGlory
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Emperor_Tamarin_SF_ZOO.jpg

Aotus nigriceps - Wikimedia user Miguelrangeljr
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aotus_nigriceps.jpg
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Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ


Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC


And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________


FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:
Prehensile Tail: An animal tail that can grasp or hold objects. A wide range of animals have prehensile tails, including mammals (like opossums and kinkajous), reptiles (like chameleons), amphibians (like salamanders), and fish (seahorses).
Old World Monkeys (Cercopithecidae): A family of primates native to Africa and Asia that includes baboons, guenons and macaques – all of which have non-prehensile tails.
New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini): A family of primates native to Central and South America that includes spider monkeys, howlers, and capuchins – all of which have prehensile tails.
Prehensile tails evolved twice in new world monkeys: In atelines (spider monkey and howlers) the prehensile tail tip is like a finger and incredibly dextrous. In cebines (capuchin monkeys) the tip is furry and not quite as dextrous.

Species featured in this video:
- Spider Monkey (and Diddy Kong!)
- Ficus insipida (tripical fig tree)
- Barbary Macaque (from Northern Africa)
- Rhesus Macaque(from India)
- Opossum
- Chameleon
- Salamander (Aneides lugubris)
- Seahorses (actually Horsea!)
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References:


Glander, K. (2016). Personal Communication

Organ, J. (2016). Personal Communication

Emmons, L.H., Gentry, A.H. (1983). Tropical Forest Structure and the Distribution of Gliding and Prehensile-Tailed Vertebrates. The American Naturalist 121-4 (513-524). Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2460978?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

Lambert, T., Halsey, M. (2015) Relationship Between Lianas and Arboreal Mammals: Examining the Emmons–Gentry Hypothesis. Ecology of Lianas (398-406).. Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118392409.ch26/summary

Deane, A., Russo, G., Muchlinski, M., Organ, J. (2014). Caudal Vertebral Body Articular Surface Morphology Correlates With Functional Tail Use in Anthropoid Primates. Journal of Morphology 275 (1300-1311). Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.20304/abstract

Direct download: ME_99_-_Why_Only_Some_Monkeys_Have_Awesome_Tails.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 11:09am EDT

Why there will likely soon be more tigers in backyards in Texas than in the wilds of Asia.

Thanks to the University of Minnesota for sponsoring this video! http://twin-cities.umn.edu/


Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth :
___________________________________________


Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Qingyang Chen
Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder


Image Credits: Camera trap photo courtesy of Ullas Karanth from the Wildlife Conservation Society
_________________________________________


Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ


Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC


And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________


If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like these things:
A fun game - try to match tigers by their stripe patterns: http://www.sciencefriday.com/articles/can-tell-tigers-apart/


FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started:
Crypsis: An animal’s ability to avoid detection by other animals. Tigers use camouflage crypsis as part of their predation strategy.
Apex Predator: An animal on top of the food chain with no natural predator in its ecosystem.
Camera Trap: A motion-sensor activated camera to capture images of animals in the wild with as little human interference as possible.
Cultural Climate: Shared perceptions and attitudes in a particular area.
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References:


Kenney, J.S., Smith, J.L.D., Starfield, A.M., McDougal, C.W. (1995). The Long-Term Effects of Tiger Poaching on Population Viability. Conservation Biology 9-5 (1127-1133). Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9051116.x-i1/abstract

Del Bosque, M. (2008) A Tiger’s Tale. Texas Observer. Retrieved from: https://www.texasobserver.org/2835-a-tigers-tale-in-texas-where-you-can-own-a-pet-tiger-the-booming-exotic-animal-trade-has-grim-consequences/

Karanth, U. (2016). Personal Communication.

Rudner, J. (2016) Tigers in Texas: We don't even know how many there are. Texas Tribune. Retrieved from: http://www.houstonchronicle.com/local/gray-matters/article/Tigers-and-Texas-We-don-t-even-know-how-many-7375558.php

Joshi, A., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E., Anderson, M.L., Olson, D., Jones, B.S., Seidensticker, J., Lumpkin, S., Hansen, M.C., Sizer, N.C., Davis, C.L., Palminteri, S., Hahn, N.R. (2016). Tracking changes and preventing loss in critical tiger habitat. Science Advances 2-4 (e1501675). Retrieved from http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/4/e1501675.full

Smith, J.L.D., McDougal, C., Gurung, B. Shrestha, N., Shrestha, M., Allendorf, T., Joshi, A., and Dhakal, N. (2010) Securing the Future for Nepal’s Tigers: Lessons from the Past and Present. Tigers of The World, Second Edition. Chapter 25 (331-343). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216561296_Securing_the_Future_for_Nepal's_Tigers_Lessons_from_the_Past_and_Present

Direct download: ME_98_-_Why_Are_There_So_Many_Tigers_In_Texas-.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 10:08am EDT

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