MinuteEarth

Thanks to Dollar Shave Club for sponsoring this video. Get your first month of the Executive Razor with Dr. Carver’s Shave Butter for only $5 at http://www.dollarshaveclub.com/minuteearth

It can be hard to distinguish bees from all the other insects out there that look like bees.


Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth
___________________________________________

If you want to learn more about this topic, start your googling here:
Mullerian mimicry: a type of mimicry in which two or more animals with defenses develop similar appearances as a shared protective device
Batesian mimicry: a type of mimicry in which an animal with no defenses is protected by its resemblance to an animal capable of defense
___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Script Editor: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Emily Elert, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

_________________________________________

Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________

If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like:
A collection of "bees" that aren't bees: http://notabee.tumblr.com/

___________________________________________

References:

Brower J.V.Z. & Brower L.P., (1965). Experimental studies of mimicry. 8. Further investigations of honeybees (Apis mellifera) and their dronefly mimics (Eristalis spp.). American Naturalist 99:173–187. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2459113.pdf

Dyer, F., Jan 2017, personal communication.

Franks, D. W. and Noble, J., (2002). The origins of mimicry rings. Standish, R. K., Bedau, M. A. and Abbass, H. A.(eds.) In Artificial Life VIII: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Artificial Life. MIT Press., pp. 186-191. http://alife8.alife.org/proceedings/sub2852.pdf

Pasteur, G., (1982). A classificatory review of mimicry systems. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics, 13: 169–199.
http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.es.13.110182.001125?journalCode=ecolsys.1
Rettenmeyer, C.W., (1970). Insect Mimicry. Annual Review of Entomology 15: 43-74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.15.010170.000355.

Wilson, J., Jan 2017, personal communication.
___________________________________________

Image Credits:
Honey bee (Apis mellifera) - Charles James Sharp
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Honey_bee_(Apis_mellifera).jpg

Sugar bag bee - Graham Wise
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tetragonula_carbonaria_(14521993792).jpg

Agapostemon virescens - Susan Ellis
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Agapostemon_virescens.jpg

Amegilla cingulata bee - Chiswick Chap
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amegilla_cingulata_on_long_tube_of_Acanthus_ilicifolius_flower.jpg

Drone fly (Eristalis tenax) - Francis C. Franklin
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eristalis_tenax_and_flowers.jpg

Eumeninae Wasp - Joaquim Alves Gaspar
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wasp_August_2007-3.jpg

Sesia apiformis - Gyorgy Csoka
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sesia_apiformis_adult1.jpg

Lunate Blister Beetle - Bernard DUPONT
https://www.flickr.com/photos/berniedup/12748380493/

Plain Lacewing (Cethosia hypsea) caterpillar - Bernard Dupont
https://www.flickr.com/photos/berniedup/22723162703

Nymph of Green Milkweed Locust (Phymateus viridipes) - Bernard DUPONT
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nymph_of_Green_Milkweed_Locust_(Phymateus_viridipes)_(13983971884).jpg

Eristalis tenax - Wilder Kaiser
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eristalis_tenax_01Aug2009.jpg

Yellow Jacket Wasp - Wikimedia user Bombman356
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yellow_jacket_wasp.jpg

Direct download: This_Is_Not_A_Bee.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 10:48am EDT

Join our Reddit AskScience discussion at https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/6d3a4b/discussion_minuteearths_newest_video_on_the/
Buy the map & T-shirts at our store: http://dftba.com/MinuteEarth

Our diets are more global than we realize, because our common food crops and animals were domesticated far away in diverse locations.

Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth
___________________________________________

If you want to learn more about this topic, start your googling here:

Food: a nutritious substance we eat or drink to maintain life and growth
Domestication: a multi-generational process in which one group of organisms manages the reproduction and care of, and changes, another type of organism, typically to secure a more predictable supply of resources (e.g. humans with food crops and animals)
Centers of origin: the locations where humans domesticated a lot of crops and animals for food, often where lots of wild relatives lived
Centers of diversity: a more recent concept recognizing that high concentrations of food plant and animal varieties and related wild species aren’t always located where the plants and animals were initially domesticated

___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: Alex Reich (@alexhreich)
Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Illustrator: Qingyang Chen (@QCVisual)
Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Ever Salazar, Emily Elert, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

_________________________________________

Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________

If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like:
Explore the geographic origins of our food crops with these interactive charts: http://blog.ciat.cgiar.org/origin-of-crops/
How much do countries benefit from one another’s crop diversity?: https://goo.gl/4mB5Mt

___________________________________________

References:

Khoury, C.K. et al. 2016. Origins of food crops connect countries worldwide. Proc. R. Soc. B 283(1832): 20160792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.0792

Khoury, C.K. et al. 2014. Increasing homogeneity in global food supplies and the implications for food security. PNAS 111(11): 4001-4006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1313490111

McGee, H. 2004. On food and cooking: the science and lore of the kitchen. Simon and Schuster.

Direct download: Why_Apple_Pie_Isnt_American.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:49pm EDT

Thanks to Squarespace for sponsoring this video! https://squarespace.com/minuteearth

Sled dogs are the best endurance athletes in the world thanks to a weird quirk in their metabolism.

Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth
___________________________________________

To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords:

Glycolysis: The process by which glycogen is broken down into energy.
Anaerobic metabolism: The creation of energy through the combustion of carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen.
Aerobic metabolism: The creation of energy through the breakdown of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.
ATP: The principal molecule for storing and transferring energy in cells.
Baseline Vital Signs: A subject’s temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure, pain, and pulse oximetry.
___________________________________________

Credits (and Twitter handles):
Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg)
Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert)
Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar)
Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida)
With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Peter Reich
Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder

_________________________________________

Like our videos?
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd
Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ

Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6
Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC

And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
___________________________________________

If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like:
Skunk Bear on the Human Vs. Horse Marathon: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vS2YVN0OAdc

___________________________________________

References:

McDougall, C. (2011). Born To Run.

McKenzie, M., Holbrook, T., Williamson, T., Royer, C., Valberg, S. ,Hinchcliff, K., Jose-Cunilleras, J., Nelson, S., Willard, M., and Davis, M. (2005). Recovery of Muscle Glycogen Concentrations in Sled Dogs during Prolonged Exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 37(8). 1307-1312. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16118576

Poole, D. and Erickson, H. (2011). Highly Athletic Terrestrial Mammals: Horses and Dogs. Comprehensive Physiology. 6:57. 1-37. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23737162

Gerth, N., Redman, P., Speakman, J., Jackson, S., and Stark, J.M. (2010). Energy metabolism of Inuit sled dogs. Journal of Comparative Physiology. 180: 577-589. Retrieved from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20012661

Miller, B., Drake, J., Peelor, F.,, Biela, L., Geor, R., Hinchcliff, K., Davis, M., Hamilton, K. (2015). Participation in a 1000-mile race increases the oxidation of carbohydrate in Alaskan sled dogs. Journal of Applied Physiology. 118(12):1502-1509. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25150223

McKenzie, Ericka. (2017). Professor of large animal internal medicine at the Oregon State University College of Veterinary Medicine. Personal Communication.

Direct download: Why_Dont_Sled_Dogs_Ever_Get_Tired-.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 10:55am EDT

1