Thu, 2 August 2018
Try Dashlane here: http://bit.ly/minutedash. Plus, here’s a 10% off promo code for Dashlane Premium: minuteearth When nutrients from the ocean depths reach the sunlit surface (like in the Galapagos), life is more productive. Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube members. ___________________________________________ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: Phytoplankton: microscopic green algae that live in water and get energy through photosynthesis. Learn more here: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/phyto.html Primary Production: the synthesis of organic chemicals from carbon dioxide (mostly happens through photosynthesis) Upwelling: the motion of cooler, usually nutrient-rich, water towards the ocean surface
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___________________________________________ References: Ainley, David. Personal Communication, 2018. Baker, A. J., et al. 2006. Multiple gene evidence for expansion of extant penguins out of Antarctica due to global cooling. Proc of Royal Soc B: Biol Sci, 273 (1582), 11-17. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560011/ Behrenfeld, M. J., et al. 2006. Climate-driven trends in contemporary ocean productivity. Nature, 444(7120), 752. https://www.nature.com/articles/nature05317 Boersma, Dee. Personal Communication, 2018. Boyd, P.W., et al. 2014. Cross-chapter box on net primary production in the ocean. In: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the IPCC [Field, C.B., et al (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK & New York, NY, USA, pp. 133-136. Dybdahl, Mark. Personal Communication, 2018. Falkowski, P. G., et al. 1998. Biogeochemical controls and feedbacks on ocean primary production. Science, 281(5374), 200-206. https://goo.gl/1P7b69 Field, C. B., et al. 1998. Primary production of the biosphere: integrating terrestrial and oceanic components. Science, 281(5374), 237-240. https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt9gm7074q/qt9gm7074q.pdf Karnauskas, K. B., et al. 2017. Paleoceanography of the eastern equatorial Pacific over the past 4 million years and the geologic origins of modern Galapagos upwelling. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 460, 22-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.12.005 LaRue, Michelle. Personal Communication, 2018. Kallmeyer, Jens. Personal Communication, 2018. Pockalny, Robert. Personal Communication, 2018. Sigman, D. M. & Hain, M. P. 2012. The Biological Productivity of the Ocean. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):21. https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/the-biological-productivity-of-the-ocean-70631104 Stock, Charlie. Personal Communication, 2018.
Penguin diet https://seaworld.org/en/animal-info/animal-infobooks/penguin/appendix Cromwell Current & Galapagos: http://www.iflscience.com/environment/new-study-may-reveal-how-galapagos-islands-became-so-biodiverse/ Penguin distribution: https://seaworld.org/en/animal-info/animal-infobooks/penguin/appendix , http://www.penguins.cl/penguins-region.htm Ocean productivity: https://ci.coastal.edu/~sgilman/770productivitynutrients.htm
Direct download: Why_Are_There_Penguins_At_The_Equator.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 5:11pm EDT |
Thu, 12 July 2018
Get NordVPN at https://NordVPN.com/minuteearth. Use code MINUTEEARTH to save 77%! Earth’s outer shell is made of two materials whose different densities and thicknesses give rise to two distinct “levels” on the planet’s surface. Watch our new show Paradigms (U.S. servers only!): https://www.vrv.co/paradigms Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube sponsors. ___________________________________________ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
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References: Albarede, F. (2009) Volatile accretion history of the terrestrial planets and dynamic implications. Nature, Vol 461. Calogero, Meredith. Personal Communication, 2018. Eakins, B.W. and G.F. Sharman. Hypsographic Curve of Earth's Surface from ETOPO1, NOAA National Geophysical Data Center, Boulder, CO, 2012 Hawkesworth, C. J. & Kemp, A. I. S. (2006) Evolution of the continental crust. Nature, Vol 443. Rosenblatt, P.C , & Thouvenot, P.E. (1994). Comparative hypsometric analysis of Earth and Venus. Geophysics Research Letters, Vol 21, pp 465-468. Stern, R.J., Gerya, T, & Tackley, P.J. (2018) Stagnant lid tectonics: Perspectives from silicate planets, dwarf planets, large moons, and large asteroids. Geoscience Frontiers, 9. |
Wed, 27 June 2018
Try Squarespace for free: http://squarespace.com/MinuteEarth As we try to figure out the evolutionary trees for languages and species, we sometimes get led astray by similar but unrelated words and traits. Thanks to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube sponsors. ___________________________________________ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 Credits (and Twitter handles): Image Credits: Lappet-faced Vulture (Old World) - Steve Garvie Turkey vulture (New World) - Flickr User minicooper93402 Crested Porcupine (Old World) - Flickr user 57777529@N02 North American Porcupine (New World) - iStock.com/GlobalP Chinchilla lanigera - Nicolas Guérin Naked Mole Rat - Roman Klementschitz Ganges river dolphin - Zahangir Alom, NOAA (Public Domain) Atlantic Spotted Dolphin - Flickr user 53344659@N05 Orcinus orcas - Robert Pittman, NOAA (Public Domain) Euphorbia obesa - Frank Vincentz Astrophytum asterias - David Midgley Sweet William Dwarf - Nicholas M. Bashour References: Atkinson, Q. and Gray, R. (2005). Darimont, C., Fox, C., Bryan, H., and Reimchen, C. (2015). Curious Parallels and Curious Connections — Phylogenetic Thinking in Biology and Historical Linguistics. Systematic Biology. 54:5 (513-526). Retrieved from: https://academic.oup.com/sysbio/article/54/4/513/2842862 Atkinson, Quentin. (2018). Personal Communication. Department of Evolution and Human Behavior at the University of Auckland. Bennu, D. (2004). The Evolution of Birds: An Overview of the Avian Tree of Life. Lab Animal. 33 (42-28)). Retrieved from: https://www.nature.com/articles/laban0504-42 De La Fuente, J.(2010). Urban legends: Turkish kayık ‘boat’ and “Eskimo” qayaq ‘kayak’. Studia Linguistica. 127 (7-24). Retrieved from: http://www.ejournals.eu/Studia-Linguistica/2010/2010/art/180/ |
Thu, 14 June 2018
Try Dashlane for free: http://bit.ly/minutedash. Use promo code "minuteearth" for 10% off Dashlane Premium. Thanks to humans, old school apex predators are struggling to hold onto their perch at the top of the food chain. And now a new class of adaptable mesopredators are remaking the ecosystems they take over. Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube sponsors. ___________________________________________ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits:
References: Darimont, C., Fox, C., Bryan, H., and Reimchen, C. (2015). The Unique Ecology of Human Predators. Science. 349: 6250 (858-860). Retrieved from: http://science.sciencemag.org/content... Prugh, L., Stoner, C., Epps, C., Bean, W., Ripple, W., Laliberte, A. and Brashares, J. (2009). The Rise of the Mesopredator. BioScience. 59:9 (779-791). Retrieved from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/... Baum, J. and Worm, B. (2009). Cascading Top-down Effects of Changing Oceanic Predator Abundances (2009). Journal of Animal Ecology. 78: 699-714. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1... McInturff, Alex. (2018). Personal Communication. Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management at University of California, Berkeley.
Direct download: Rise_Of_The_Mesopredator_ft._ScienceWithTom.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 9:36am EDT |
Tue, 29 May 2018
Try Squarespace for free: http://www.squarespace.com/MINUTEEARTH The human lifespan might be limited, in part, because natural selection just stops working late in life. Thanks to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube sponsors for helping to make this video possible. ___________________________________________ Video Keywords: Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (Twitter handles): References: De Grey, A (Sept 2016, personal communication) Horiuchi S, Wilmoth JR (1998) Deceleration in the Age Pattern of Mortality at Older Ages. Demography 35: 4. https://link.springer.com/article/10.... Mueller, LD, Rose MR (1996) Evolutionary theory predicts late-life mortality plateaus. PNAS 26:15249-15253. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.93.26.15249 Rose MR, Rauser CL, Mueller LD, Benford G. (2006) A revolution for aging research. Biogerontology 7:269-77. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1... Rose, MR, Flatt, T, Graves, JL, Greer, L, Martinez, DE, Matos, MM, Mueller, LD, Shmookler Reis, RJ, and P. Shahrestani. 2012. What is aging? Frontiers in Genetics 3:134. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/... Rose, M. (Sept 2016, personal communication) |
Thu, 10 May 2018
Please support us through Patreon! https://www.patreon.com/minuteearth Every once in a while, all the oaks or spruces or other plants in a region suddenly produce a tremendous bounty of seeds – up to 100 times more than usual. But why do they do it, and how do they all manage to sync up? To learn more about mast seeding, start your googling with these keywords: Mast Year: A year in which all the plants of a particular species in a region ramp up their seed production. Predator Satiation Hypothesis: The hypothesis that mast seeding is a strategy plants use for controlling the population of squirrels and other seed-eating animals.
Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (and Twitter handles): References: Fletcher, Quinn E., Stan Boutin, Jeffrey E. Lane, Jalene M. LaMontagne, Andrew G. McAdam, Charles J. Krebs, and Murray M. Humphries. 2010. “The Functional Response of a Hoarding Seed Predator to Mast Seeding.” Ecology 91 (9): 2673–83. Kelly, Dave, and Victoria L. Sork. 2002. “Mast Seeding in Perennial Plants: Why, How, Where?” Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 33 (1). Annual Reviews: 427–47. Kelly, D. 1994. “The Evolutionary Ecology of Mast Seeding.” Trends in Ecology & Evolution 9 (12): 465–70. LaMontagne, J. 2018. Personal Communication. |
Wed, 25 April 2018
Learn new skills from this video’s sponsor, Skillshare: http://skl.sh/minuteearth4 Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube sponsors. ___________________________________________ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: If you’re an American, this New York Times dialect quiz can predict your hometown based on the particular words you use: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/upshot/dialect-quiz-map.html Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (and Twitter handles):
References: Blust, R. (1999). The Fox’s Wedding. Anthropos. 94: 487-499. Retrieved from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40465016. Tiechuan, M. (2015). Cause Analysis of Different Culture Image in English and Chinese Animal Idiom. Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences. 3: 10-19. Retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f582/3a67a9d085c57417d069ef4bda0df7dd4b4c.pdf Shi, T. (2015). A Comparison of Animal Words in English and Chinese Culture. Presented at the 5th International Conference on Education, Management, Information and Medicine. Retrieved from: https://wenku.baidu.com/view/95eb244105087632311212ee.html |
Thu, 12 April 2018
Join Honey for FREE at: https://www.joinhoney.com/MinuteEarth. Female mammals make milk, a cocktail of filtered blood, to provide their babies with vital nutrients. Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube sponsors. ___________________________________________ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (and Twitter handles):
References: Skibiel, A., Downing, L., Orr, T., and Hood, W. (2013).The Evolution Of The Nutrient Composition Of Mammalian Milks. Journal of Animal Ecology. 82 (6): 1254-1264. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23895187 Sharp, J., Wanyonyi, S., Modepalli, V., Watt, A., Kuruppath, S., Hinds, L., Kumar, A., Abud, H., Lefevre, C., and Nicholas, K. (2017). The Tammar Wallaby: A Marsupial Model To Examine The Timed Delivery And Role Of Bioactives In Milk. General and Comparative Endocrinology. 244: 164-177. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27528357 Tsuruta, S., Misztal, I., and Lawlor, T. (2004). Genetic Correlations Among Production, Body Size, Udder,and Productive Life Traits Over Time in Holsteins. Journal of Dairy Science. 87(5):1457-1468. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15290995 Nicholas, K. (1988). Asynchronous Dual Lactation In A Marsupial, The Tammar Wallaby. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 154 (2): 529-536. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2456758 |
Fri, 6 April 2018
The same chemistry that makes plastic tough, light and flexible also makes it nearly impossible to get rid of, because it’s hard to break those resilient chemical bonds. Thanks to the University of Minnesota for sponsoring this video! http://twin-cities.umn.edu/ Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube sponsors. ___________________________________________ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (and Twitter handles): ___________________________________________ Image Credits: Disposable plastic cup - Wikimedia user Lionel Allorge Sandbox and Beach Toys - The Children's Museum of Indianapolis PET plastic - Montgomery County Division of Solid Waste Services LEGO Tank - Flickr user MaxFragg PVC Pipe - Pam Broviak IKEA Watering cans - Sonny Abesamis LEGO Figure - Marco Verch Wetsuit - Clemens Pfeiffer White PVC Pipes - Teresa Trimm STS-120 Shuttle Mission Imagery - NASA Providing clean water - UK Department for International Development ___________________________________________ References: Albertsson, A. and Hakkarainen, M. (2017). Designed To Degrade. Science. 358 (6365). 872-873. Retrieved from: http://science.sciencemag.org/content... De Hoe, G., Zumstein, M., Tiegs, B., Brutman, J., McNeill, K., Sander, M., Coates, G., and Hillmyer, M. (2018). Sustainable Polyester Elastomers from Lactones: Synthesis,Properties, and Enzymatic Hydrolyzability. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 140: 963-973. Retrieved from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs... Tokiwa, Y., Calabia, B., Ugwu, C., and Aiba, S. (2009). Biodegradability of Plastics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 10: 3722-3742. Retrieved from: http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/10/9/3722 Rydz, J., ,Sikorska, W., Kyulavska, M., and Christova, D. (2015). International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 16: 564-596. Retrieved from: http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/16/1/564 Hillmyer, M. (2017). The Promise of Plastics from Plants. Science. 358 (6365). 868-870. Retrieved from: http://science.sciencemag.org/content... Hillmyer, M. (2017). Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota. Personal Communication. |
Thu, 22 March 2018
Go to https://brilliant.org/MinuteEarth to build your math & science skills! Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube sponsors. ___________________________________________ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (and Twitter handles):
References: Atkinson, A., Siegel, V., et al. 2009. A re-appraisal of the total biomass and annual production of Antarctic krill. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers. Volume 56, Issue 5, 727-740 FAO. World Food Situation http://www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/csdb/en/
Kaspari, M., Weiser, M.D. 2012. Energy, taxonomic aggregation, and the geography National Geographic https://www.nationalgeographic.com/what-the-world-eats/ National Geographic https://www.nationalgeographic.com/what-the-world-eats/ Penn State University Extension. Oil factsheet: oilseed presses. 7pp (undated).
Sanderson, MG. 1996. Biomass of termites and their emissions of methane and carbon dioxide: A global database. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 10, 543-557.
USDA ISSN: 1554-9089, World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates, February 8, 2018;
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Mon, 19 March 2018
WATCH PARADIGMS EPISODE 1 FOR FREE ►► http://vrv.co/paradigms (No subscription needed) ↓↓↓ And follow Paradigms on social media! ↓↓↓ Twitter: https://twitter.com/paradigmshow Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/paradigmshow/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/paradigm_show/ We teamed up with MinutePhysics and Veritasium to tell the stories of how we know what we know about the universe and our place in it. Please watch episode 1 and let us know what you think! http://vrv.co/paradigms |
Tue, 20 February 2018
Try Dashlane here: http://bit.ly/minutedash. Plus, here’s a 10% off promo code for Dashlane Premium: youtube2018 Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube sponsors. Once it’s out of your body, your genetic information is valuable to a variety of people, but you can keep it safe(ish) with a few simple steps. ___________________________________________ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords:
Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (and Twitter handles):
References: Melissa Gymrek, Amy L. McGuire, David Golan, Eran Halperin, Yaniv Erlich (2013). Identifying Personal Genomes by Surname Inference. Science. 339:6117 (321-324). Retrieved from: http://science.sciencemag.org/content... Joh, E. (2011). DNA Theft: Recognizing the Crime of Nonconsensual Genetic Collection and Testing. Boston University Law Review. 91:2 (666-700) Retrieved from: https://www.bu.edu/law/journals-archi... Tanner, A. (2017). Our Bodies, Our Data: How Companies Make Billions Selling Our Medical Records. Available at: https://www.amazon.com/gp/search?inde... Koerner, B. (2015). Your Relative’s DNA Could Turn You Into A Suspect. Wired. Retrieved from: https://www.wired.com/2015/10/familia... Pollack, A. (2015). Building a Face, and a Case, on DNA. New Yourk Times. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/24/sc... Cappos, Justin. (2017). Professor of Computer Science and Engineering, NYU. Personal Communication. |
Wed, 14 February 2018
This video is in collaboration with Bill and Melinda Gates. You can check out the Gates Annual Letter here: http://b-gat.es/2Cfph0j Thanks to Bill and Melinda Gates for their financial support. Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube sponsors. No matter how wealthy a country is, there's a lot it can do to improve the health of its citizens. Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (and Twitter handles): ___________________________________________ References: Bolt, J., Timmer, M., & van Zanden, J. L. 2014. "GDP per capita since 1820”, in van Zanden, et al. (eds.), How Was Life?: Global Well-being since 1820, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264214262-7-en Life expectancy over time estimated from: https://github.com/open-numbers/ddf--gapminder--life_expectancy Countries that developed insurance systems found in: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/theimpactofhealthinsurance_fulltext.pdf Thanks also to Dr. Shyam Deshpande and Dr. Tracy Seimears
Direct download: We_Asked_Bill_Gates__Do_You_Need_To_Be_Rich_To_Be_Healthy_.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 9:50am EDT |
Wed, 7 February 2018
Please support us on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth or as a YouTube Sponsor! Thanks to everyone who already does! Shocking the brain has come and gone as a medical treatment, but it’s currently resurging, as it often provides the best form of relief for severe depression and advanced Parkinson’s disease. To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (and Twitter handles):
References: Arlotti M, et al 2016. The adaptive deep brain stimulation challenge. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 28: 12-17 Benabid AL, S Chabardes, J Mitrofanis, P Polla. 2009. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 8:67-81 Leiknes KA, Jarosh-von Schweder L, Høie B. 2012. Contemporary use and practice of electroconvulsive therapy worldwide. Brain and Behavior 2(3):283-344 Pagnin D, et al. 2004. Efficacy of ECT in Depression: A Meta-Analytic Review. J ECT 20:13-20 Sienaert P, K Vansteeland, K Demyttenaere, J Peuskens. 2010. Randomized comparison of ultra-brief bifrontal and unilateral electroconvulsive therapy for major depression: cognitive side-effects. J Affective Disorders 122:60-67 UK ECT Review Group, 2003. Efficacy and safety of electroconvulsive therapy in depressive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 361, 799–808. |
Wed, 24 January 2018
To start using Tab for a Cause, go to: http://tabforacause.org/r/minuteearth2 Thanks to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube sponsors. To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (and Twitter handles): References: Bonser, S. P. (2013). High reproductive efficiency as an adaptive strategy in competitive environments. Functional Ecology, 27(4), 876-885. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.12064/full Crews, T. Personal Communication, Dec 2017. Crews, T. E., & DeHaan, L. R. (2015). The strong perennial vision: A response. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 39(5), 500-515. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21683565.2015.1008777 Friedman, J., & Rubin, M. J. (2015). All in good time: understanding annual and perennial strategies in plants. American journal of botany, 102(4), 497-499. http://www.amjbot.org/content/102/4/497.short Denison, R.F. Personal Communication, Nov 2017. Milla, R. Personal Communication, Dec 2017. Pimentel, D., et al. (2012). Annual vs. perennial grain production. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 161, 1-9. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880912002058 Rees, M., & Long, M. J. (1992). Germination biology and the ecology of annual plants. The American Naturalist, 139(3), 484-508. http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/1403/1/reesm8_Rees_and_Long_1992_Am_Nat.pdf Reich, P. B. (2014). The world‐wide ‘fast–slow’plant economics spectrum: a traits manifesto. Journal of Ecology, 102(2), 275-301. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2745.12211/full Smaje, C. (2015). The strong perennial vision: A critical review. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 39(5), 471-499. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21683565.2015.1007200 Van Tassel, D. L., DeHaan, L. R., & Cox, T. S. (2010). Missing domesticated plant forms: can artificial selection fill the gap?. Evolutionary Applications, 3(5‐6), 434-452. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00132.x/full Vico, G. Personal Communication, Nov 2017. Vico, G., et al. (2016). Trade‐offs between seed output and life span–a quantitative comparison of traits between annual and perennial congeneric species. New Phytologist, 209(1), 104-114. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13574/full Westoby, M. Personal Communication, Nov 2017.
Direct download: Why_Our_Favorite_Crops_Live_Fast_and_Die_Young.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 9:41am EDT |
Tue, 9 January 2018
Get 3 weeks of free access to CuriosityStream by visiting http://curiositystream.com/minute and using the promo code "minute" There's something surprising that helps determine how damaging a disease is: distance. Thanks also to our Patreon patrons https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth and our YouTube sponsors. ___________________________________________ To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (and Twitter handles): ___________________________________________ References: Blanquart, F., et al. (2016). A transmission-virulence evolutionary trade-off explains attenuation of HIV-1 in Uganda. Elife 5: 5. de Roode, J.C., Yates, A.J., & Altizer, S. (2008). Virulence-transmission trade-offs and population divergence in virulence in a naturally occurring butterfly parasite. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 105: 7489-7494 Ewald, P.W. (1983). Host-parasite relations, vectors, and the evolution of disease severity. Annual Reviews Ecology & Systematics 14: 465-485 Ewald, P.W. (1991). Waterborne transmission and the evolution of virulence among gastrointestinal bacteria. Epidemiology & Infection 106: 83-119. Ewald, P.W. (1991). Transmission modes and the evolution of virulence: with special reference to cholera, influenza, and AIDS. Human Nature 2: 1-30. Galvani, A.P. (2003) Epidemiology meets evolutionary ecology. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 18: 132-139. Lipsitch, M. & Moxon, E.R. (1997). Virulence and transmissibility of pathogens: what is the relationship? Trends in Microbiology 5: 31-37.
Direct download: A_Diseases_Guide_to_World_Domination.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 10:01am EDT |
Wed, 20 December 2017
Buy the book: "Where the Animals Go: Tracking Wildlife with Technology in 50 Maps and Graphics" at http://www.wheretheanimalsgo.com Migrating birds care more about the ease of their trip than the distance they travel, and that leads to some truly roundabout routes. Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (and Twitter handles): ___________________________________________ References: Horton, K., Van Doren, B., Stepanian, P.,Hochachka, W., Farnsworth, A., and Kelly, J. (2016). Nocturnally migrating songbirds drift when they can and compensate when they must. Scientific Reports 6, 1-8. Nature. Retrieved from: https://www.nature.com/articles/srep21249 Kranstauber,B., Weinzierl, R., Wikelski, M., Safi, K. (2015). Global aerial flyways allow efficient travelling. Ecology Letters. 18: 133. Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ele.12528/full Liechti, F. (2006). Birds: blowin’ by the wind.Journal of Ornithology. 47: 202–211. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10336-006-0061-9. Reddy, G., Celani, A., Sejnowski, T., and Vergassola, M. (2016). Learning to soar in turbulent environments. PNAS. 113(33):E4877-84. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27482099 Shamoun-Baranes, J., Leshem, Y., Yom-Tov, Y., and Liech, O. (2003). Differential use of thermal convection by soaring birds over central Israel. The Condor. 105:208-218. Retrieved from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1370541. Leshem, Yossi. (2017) Professor of Life Science, Tel-Aviv University. Personal Communication. |
Wed, 13 December 2017
Considering humans' increased impact on the environment, we may want to reconsider whether there is still a place in our legal system for the Act of God defense. Thanks to all our viewers and supporters for an incredible year of videos! Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (and Twitter handles):
References: Merritt Creamery Co. v. Atchison, T. & S. F. Ry. Co., 122 S.W. 322, 139 Mo. App. 149 (Mo. App., 1909). Herring, S. C., A. Hoell, M. P. Hoerling, J. P. Kossin, C. J. Schreck III, and P. A. Stott, Eds., 2016: Explaining Extreme Events of 2015 from a Climate Perspective. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 97 (12), S1–S145, doi:10.1175/BAMS -ExplainingExtremeEvents2015.1. Trenberth, K. E., Fasullo, J. T., & Shepherd, T. G. (2015). Attribution of climate extreme events. Nature Climate Change, 5(8), 725-730. doi:10.1038/nclimate2657. Stott, P. (2016). How climate change affects extreme weather events. Science, 352(6293), 1517-1518. doi:10.1126/science.aaf7271. Jill M. Fraley, Re-examining Acts of God, 27 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 669 (2010) Available at: h6p://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol27/iss3/4. Loimer, H., & Guarnieri, M. (1996). Accidents and acts of God: a history of the terms. American Journal of Public Health, 86(1), 101-107. doi:10.2105/ajph.86.1.101 |
Wed, 6 December 2017
Thanks to 23andMe for sponsoring this video! http://www.23andme.com/minuteearth When we domesticate an animal species, their brains shrink and they freak out less. Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: Tame animal: an individual animal raised in a way that it has become less dangerous and frightened of people Feral animal: an animal that escapes from captivity or domestication (& regains some similar & some different characteristics compared to its pre-domesticated state) "Fight or flight": an instinctive physiological response to a threatening situation that readies a creature to either to resist forcibly or escape Limbic system: the brain’s “panic button” - a system of nerves and networks near the bottom of the cortex that controls basic emotions (e.g. fear, pleasure, anger) and drives (e.g. hunger, sex, dominance) Telencephalon: the most developed and anterior part of the forebrain, consisting chiefly of the cerebral hemispheres, and the brain region that shrinks most in domesticated animals Domestication: a sustained multigenerational, mutualistic relationship in which one species (e.g. humans) assumes a significant degree of influence over the reproduction and care of another species (e.g. cows) in order to secure a more predictable supply of a resource of interest (e.g. milk/meat/traction), and through which the domesticated organisms gain advantage over individuals that remain outside this relationship (e.g. aurochs, which went extinct), thereby benefitting and often increasing the fitness of both species involved If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: Brain Scoop video on brain size and intelligence: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hJW8jIDfP9E Russian Fox Domestication Experiment: https://goo.gl/5nWnXz What happens to domesticated animals & their brains when they escape back to the wild?: http://www.nature.com/news/when-chickens-go-wild-1.19195#/free%5C Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (and Twitter handles): ___________________________________________ References: Agnvall, B. et al. 2017. Is evolution of domestication driven by tameness? A selective review with focus on chickens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.09.006 Eberhard, W. G., & Wcislo, W. T. 2011. Grade changes in brain-body allometry: morphological and behavioural correlates of brain size in miniature spiders, insects and other invertebrates. Advances in Insect Physiology, 40, 155. http://www.stri.si.edu/sites/publications/PDFs/2011_Eberhard_Wcislo_AdvIns_Physiol.pdf Kruska, D. C. 2005. On the evolutionary significance of encephalization in some eutherian mammals: effects of adaptive radiation, domestication, and feralization. Brain, behavior and evolution, 65(2), 73-108. https://goo.gl/J86NEd Kruska, D. C. Personal Communication, Oct 2017. Marchetti, M. P., & Nevitt, G. A. 2003. Effects of hatchery rearing on brain structures of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Environmental biology of Fishes, 66(1), 9-14. https://goo.gl/GL6LWG Marchetti, M. Personal Communication, Oct 2017. Wright, D. Personal Communication, Oct 2017. Zeder, M. A. 2012. Pathways to animal domestication. Biodiversity in agriculture: Domestication, evolution and sustainability, 227-259. https://goo.gl/2xWSB8 Zeder, M. A. 2015. Core questions in domestication research. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(11), 3191-3198. http://www.pnas.org/content/112/11/3191.full Zeder, M. A. Personal Communication, Oct 2017.
Direct download: Why_Pets_Have_Surprisingly_Small_Brains.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:26pm EDT |
Fri, 24 November 2017
Get your first KiwiCo box free by going to http://www.kiwico.com/minuteearth
Occasionally, internal or external factors change, allowing certain animals to become giant versions of themselves.
Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth ___________________________________________
To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: Spiracles: External respiratory openings on insects Carboniferous Period: The time period from 359-299 million years ago when the Earth’s oxygen levels increased rapidly. Square-Cube Law: A mathematical principle that describes the relationship between area and volume. Buoyancy: An upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the weight of an immersed object. Phytoplankton: Microscopic plants eaten by krill and other zooplankton. Baleen: A filter-feeding system inside the mouth of some whales.
_________________________________________
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ And visit our website: https://www.minuteearth.com/
Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC
And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n ___________________________________________
Credits (and Twitter handles): Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg) Script Editor: Emily Elert (@eelert) Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar) Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida) Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida) With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Peter Reich Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder ___________________________________________
References: Kaiser, A., et al. (2007). Increase in tracheal investment with beetle size supports hypothesis of oxygen limitation on insect gigantism. 13198-13203. PNAS. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1941816/
Sander, P. Christian, et al. (2011). Biology of the sauropod dinosaurs:the evolution of gigantism. Biological Reviews. 86(1): 117–155. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045712/
Taylor, M and Weder, M. (2013). Why sauropods had long necks; and why giraffes have short necks. PeerJ 1:e36. Retrieved from: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1209.5439.pdf.
Verberk, W. and Bilton, D. (2011). Can Oxygen Set Thermal Limits in an Insect and Drive Gigantism? PLOS One. 6(7): e22610. Retrieved from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0022610
Slater, G., Goldbogen, J., Pyenson, N. (2017). Independent evolution of baleen whale gigantism linked to Plio-Pleistocene ocean dynamics. Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 284: 20170546. Retrieved from: http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/284/1855/20170546. |
Tue, 7 November 2017
This video was sponsored by "Robot-Proof", written by Northeastern University's President, Joseph E. Aoun. Learn more here: https://goo.gl/uF5Kx8 Thank you to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth Even the parts of our brains that don't control physical movement show a lot of rhythm, and that might be integral to how our brains work. To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: neural oscillation: better known as a "brainwave," a neural oscillation is repetitive, often rhythmic activity in the central nervous system. neurons can sync up with the help of pacemaker cells or structure, or through entrainment. entrainment: the ability of tons and tons of neurons to quickly sync up is due to something called entrainment – here's a cool demo of essentially how that works: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bl2aYFv_978 central pattern generator: neural networks that produce rhythmic, patterned electrical outputs. CPGs are usually relatively simple neural circuits and are responsible for virtually all the rhythmic motions you see in nature, from jellyfish swimming to human breathing. while we often think of our brains as reaction machines – like, we touch something hot and quickly pull away – central pattern generators don't need any stimulus to work. you can pull them out of an animal and put them in a petri dish and the neurons will still fire with the same rhythms. feature binding: when you see your cat and you know right away it's your cat...well, somehow, your brain is putting together all kinds of information about the object's shape, size, color, motion, position in your field of vision, and lots of other contextual clues to make that happen. neuroscientists call this "feature binding," and neural oscillations may be key to pulling it off. _________________________________________ Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (and Twitter handles): Image Credits: Snake Crawling - BigfootHD Greyhound running - Objectivity Hummingbird - Smarter Every Day ___________________________________________ References: Buzsaki, G. Personal Communication, October 2017. Buzsaki, G. (2006) Rhythms of the Brain. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Gyorgy_Buzsaki/publication/223130267_Rhythms_of_The_Brain/links/00b4952bb0ae609ac9000000/Rhythms-of-The-Brain.pdf Cabron, J. Personal Communcation, October 2017. Engel, A.K. and Fries, P. and Singer, W. (2001) Dynamic predictions: Oscillations and synchrony in top–down processing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, pp 704-716. Retrieved from http://www.dankalia.com/science/neu127.pdf Getting, P.A. (1989) Emerging Principles Governing the Operation of Neural Networks. Annual Review of Neuroscience. Vol. 12:185-204 Llinas, R. Personal Communication, October 2017. Lisman, J. and Buzsaki, G. (2008) A Neural Coding Scheme Formed by the Combined Function of Gamma and Theta Oscillations. Schizophrenia Bulletin, Volume 34:5, pp 974–980. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/schizophreniabulletin/article/34/5/974/1881304 Lisman, J. Personal Communication, October 2017. Marder, E and Calabrese, R.L. (1996) Principles of rhythmic motor pattern generation. Physiological Reviews, 76(3), pp 687-717. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1900/8ec50b0d0bcff24438c9a0eb57f9e33f7a85.pdf Marder, E. Personal Communication, October 2017. Singer, W. Personal Communication, October 2017. |
Wed, 25 October 2017
Thanks to 23andMe for sponsoring this video! http://www.23andme.com/minuteearth Male birds have the largest genital diversity of any class of animals because their sex chromosomes make it easy to pass male-helping mutations down the line. Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (and Twitter handles):
References: Brennan, P. and Prum, R. (2015). Mechanisms and Evidence of Genital Coevolution: The Roles of Natural Selection,Mate Choice, and Sexual Conflict. 1-21. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. Retrieved from: http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/content/7/7/a017749.abstract Brennan, P. (2013). Genital Evolution: Cock-a-Doodle-Don’t. Current Biology. R523-R525. Retrieved from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982213004430 Brennan, P., Birkhead, T., Zyskowski, K., van der Waagand, J., and Prum, R. (2008). Independent evolutionary reductions of the phallus in basal birds. Journal of Avian Biology, 39: 487-492. Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0908-8857.2008.04610.x/abstract. Briskie, J. and Montgomerie, R. (1997). Sexual selection and the intromittent organ of birds. Journal of Avian Biology. 28: 73-86. Retrieved from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/3677097?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Herrera, A., Brennan, P., and Cohn, M. (2014). Development of Avian External Genitalia: Interspecific Differences and Sexual Differentiation of the Male and Female Phallus. Sexual Development. 9: 43-52. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25011524. Reinhold, K. (1998). Sex linkage among genes controlling sexually selected traits. Sexual Selection. 44:1-7. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002650050508. Image Credits: Mandarin Ducks - Francis C. Franklin Gorillas - Based on photo by Wikimedia user No escape Lake Duck Penis - Kevin McCracken (Published in Nature 2001) |
Thu, 12 October 2017
The incredible chemical weapon-making abilities of fungi, bacteria, and plants have created an incredible array of compounds that are useful to humans. Thanks to the University of Minnesota for sponsoring this video! http://twin-cities.umn.edu/ Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (and Twitter handles):
References: Bills, G.F. and Gloer, J.B. (2016) Biologically Active Secondary Metabolites from the Fungi. Microbiology Spectrum 4(6): 6 Cragg, G.M. and Newman, D.J. (2005) Biodiversity: A continuing source of novel drug leads. Pure and Appled Chemistry 77: 7–24 Mazid, M., Khan, T.A. and Mohammad, F. (2011) Role of secondary metabolites in defense mechanisms of plants. Biology and Medicine 3(2): 232–249. Newman, D.J. and Cragg, G.M. (2016) Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs from 1981 to 2014. Journal of Natural Products 79: 629-661 O’Brien, J. and Wright, G.D. (2011) An ecological perspective of microbial secondary metabolism. Current Opinion in Biotechnology 22:552–558 |
Wed, 4 October 2017
Female hyenas don't have penises, but it sure looks like they do - and we still aren't quite sure why. To start using Tab for a Cause, go to: http://tabforacause.org/r/minuteearth2 Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: Hyena having a baby at the Buffalo Zoo Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (and Twitter handles): Video Credits: Image Credits: Striped Hyena (Hyaena hyaena) - Flickr user Jean Brown Hyena (Parahyaena brunnea) - Bernard DUPONT Proteles cristatus - Dominik Käuferle Squirrel monkey - Wikimedia user Megapixie Ring tailed lemur - Wikimedia user Sannse Fossa - Ran Kirlian Binturong - Tassilo Rau ___________________________________________ References: Cunha GR, Risbridger G, Wang H, Place NJ, Grumbach M, Cunha TJ, Weldele M, Conley AJ, Barcellos D, Agarwal S, Bhargava A, Drea C, Hammond GL, Siiteri P, Coscia EM, McPhaul MJ, Baskin LS, Glickman SE. (2014) Development of the external genitalia: perspectives from the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). Differentiation. 87(1-2):4-22. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030146811300087X?via%3Dihub Frank LG (1997) Evolution of genital masculinization: why do female hyenas have such a large 'penis'? Trends Ecol. Evol. 12:58-62. http://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/abstract/S0169-5347(96)10063-X Frank LG and Glickman SE (1994) Giving birth through a penile clitoris: parturition and dystocia in the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta). J. Zool. 234:659–665. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1994.tb04871.x/abstract Frank LG, Weldele ML, and Glickman SE (1995) Masculinization costs in hyaenas. Nature 377:584–585. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v377/n6550/abs/377584b0.html?foxtrotcallback=true Glickman SE, Cunha GR, Drea CM, Conley AJ and Place NJ (2006) Mammalian sexual differentiation: lessons from the spotted hyena. rends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 17 (9): 349–356. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043276006001767 Holekamp, KE, personal communication. August and September 2017. Muller MN and Wrangham R (2002) Sexual Mimicry in Hyenas. The Quarterly Review of Biology 77 (1):3-16. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/339199?journalCode=qrb
Direct download: Why_Do_Female_Hyenas_Have_Pseudo-Penises-.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 10:01am EDT |
Wed, 27 September 2017
Thanks to the Land Institute for sponsoring this video! To learn more about their work, visit https://landinstitute.org/ To feed everyone in the future, we may need to disrupt 10,000 years of farming practices and turn agriculture into a closed system. Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (and Twitter handles):
References: Baker, B. 2017. Can Modern Agriculture Be Sustainable? Perennial polyculture holds promise. BioScience, 67(4), 325-331. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix018 Crews, T. E. 2016. Closing the Gap between Grasslands and Grain Agriculture. Kan. JL & Pub. Pol'y, 26, 274. https://goo.gl/d7BGsb Dawson, C. J., & Hilton, J. 2011. Fertiliser availability in a resource-limited world: Production and recycling of nitrogen and phosphorus. Food Policy, 36, S14-S22. https://goo.gl/8dMuP1 Famiglietti, J. S. 2014. The global groundwater crisis. Nature Climate Change, 4(11), 945-948. http://aquadoc.typepad.com/files/jfam_global_gw_crisis.pdf Kantar, M. B. et al. 2016. Perennial grain and oilseed crops. Annual review of plant biology, 67, 703-729. http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev-arplant-043015-112311 Montgomery, D. R. (2007). Soil erosion and agricultural sustainability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(33), 13268-13272. http://goo.gl/Si9E6g |
Fri, 22 September 2017
Learn more about the Goalkeepers report from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation here: http://gates.ly/2fb6CNH Nutrition during the first few years of life has a huge impact on adult height, and since nutrition has been getting better over time, humanity - including your family - is getting taller. Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (and Twitter handles): ___________________________________________ References: World Health Organization (2014). WHA Global Nutrition Targets 2025: Stunting Policy Brief. 1-10. Retrieved from: http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/globaltargets_stunting_policybrief.pdf Caulfield, L., Richard, S., Rivera, J., Musgrove, P. and Black, R. (2006). Stunting, Wasting, and Micronutrient Deficiency Disorders. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. 551-570. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11761/ NCD Risk Factor Collaboration. (2016). A Century of Trends in Adult Human Height. eLife. Retrieved from: https://elifesciences.org/articles/13410 Kang, H., Kreuels, B., Adjei, O., Krumkamp, R., May, J., and Small, D. (2013). The Causal Effect Of Malaria On Stunting: A Mendelian Randomization And Matching Approach. International Journal of Epidemiology. 42:1390–1398. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23925429 Sorkin, J., Muller, G., and Andres, R. (1999) Longitudinal Change in Height of Men and Women: Implications for Interpretation of the Body Mass Index. American Journal of Epidemiology. 150: 969-977. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10547143 |
Thu, 31 August 2017
India and China have so many people today because they’re good for farming and big, but they’ve always been that way, so they’ve actually had a huge proportion of Earth’s people for thousands of years.
Thanks to the University of Minnesota for sponsoring this video! http://twin-cities.umn.edu/
Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth ___________________________________________
If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: A very detailed map of world population density: https://populationexplorer.com/ _________________________________________
Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ And visit our website: https://www.minuteearth.com/
Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC
And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n ___________________________________________
Credits (and Twitter handles): Script Writer: Alex Reich (@alexhreich) Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida) Video Illustrator: Qingyang Chen (@QCVisual) Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert) Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida) With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
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References:
Direct download: Why_Do_India_And_China_Have_So_Many_People-.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 11:16am EDT |
Thu, 24 August 2017
Give Blinkist a try! https://www.blinkist.com/MinuteEarth What exactly makes sugary syrups so sticky, when neither water nor sugar is very sticky on its own? Support MinuteEarth on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/minuteearth ___________________________________________ Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (and Twitter handles): ___________________________________________ References: Elert, M., Personal Communication, July 2017. Husband, T. (2014). The Sweet Science of Candymaking. Retrieved from: https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/resources/highschool/chemmatters/past-issues/archive-2014-2015/candymaking.html Longinotti, M.P. & Corti, H.R. (2008) Viscosity of concentrated sucrose and trehalose aqueous solutions including the supercooled regime. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 37: 1503-1516. Molinero, V., Cagin, T., Goddard, W.A. (2003) Sugar, water and free volume networks in concentrated sucrose solutions. Chemical Physics Letters, 377:469–474. Retrieved from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8b49/ce63d9430af305c87c1dadfa0ec9bc646461.pdf Wang, L.P., Personal Communication, February 2017. Xia, J., & Case, D. A. (2012). Sucrose in Aqueous Solution Revisited: 1. Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Direct and Indirect Dipolar Coupling Analysis. Biopolymers, 97(5), 276–288. http://doi.org/10.1002/bip.22017 ___________________________________________ Sugar beet field - Gilles San Martin Sugar Cubes - David Pacey |
Tue, 15 August 2017
Watch Henry’s MinutePhysics video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NucdlR9EGbA MinuteEarth & MinutePhysics are on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/minuteearth & http://www.patreon.com/minutephysics It’s becoming harder and harder to categorize moons as moons. To learn more, start your googling with these keywords: If you liked this week’s video, you might also like: Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Say hello on Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n Credits (and Twitter handles):
References: Norton, J. (2008) Could a moon have moons? Popular Science. Retrieved from: http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2008-04/could-moon-have-moons H. A. Weaver, S. A. Stern, M. J. Mutchler, A. J. Steffl, M. W. Buie, W. J. Merline, J. R. Spencer, E. F. Young, L. A. Young (2006). The Discovery of Two New Satellites of Pluto. Nature. 439: 943-945. Retrieved from: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v439/n7079/abs/nature04547.html?foxtrotcallback=true Tiscareno, M., Burns, J., Sremcevi, M., Beurle, K., Hedman, M. Copper, N., Milano, A., Evans, M., Porco, C., Spitale, J., and WEiss, J. (2010) Physical Characteristics And Non-Keplerian Orbital Motion Of “Propeller” Moons Embedded In Saturn’s Rings. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 718: 92-96. Retrieved from: http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2041-8205/718/2/L92 Spahn, F., and Schmidt, J. (2006) Saturn’s Bared Mini-Moons. Nature, 440: 30-31. Retrieved from: https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v440/n7084/full/440614a.html
Direct download: Our_Definition_For_Moon_Is_Broken_Collab._w-_MinutePhysics.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 11:40am EDT |
Wed, 2 August 2017
Get your FREE 2-month Skillshare trial: http://skl.sh/minuteearth2 The "Mountain or Valley?" illusion makes our brains turn valleys inside out. But inside-out valleys are a real thing, both on Earth and on Mars. Thanks to Skillshare for sponsoring this video, and to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth If you want to learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Duricrust: a hard mineral crust formed at or near the surface of soil in semiarid regions by the evaporation of groundwater. Geomorphology: the study of the physical features of the surface of the earth and their relation to its geological structures. Exhumed paleochannel: a remnant of an inactive river or stream channel that has been either filled or buried by younger sediment, and then subsequently uncovered by erosion. Erosion: the action of surface processes, including wind and water, that move dirt and rock from their original location to some other place. Capillary action: the tendency of a liquid in a capillary tube or absorbent material to rise or fall as a result of surface tension. Mineral precipitation: when dissolved compounds in a solution bond together to form a solid (a simple example is how dissolved sodium and chloride ions come together to form salt as water evaporates) Credits (and Twitter handles): Image Credits: Yardangs and Ridges of the Edge of Aeolis Planum - NASA JPL University of Arizona Raised Footprints - Alan Light Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like: Inverted Relief at Green River, Utah ___________________________________________ References: Clarke, J., July 2016, personal communication. Clarke, J. D., & Stoker, C. R. (2011). Concretions in exhumed and inverted channels near Hanksville Utah: implications for Mars. International Journal of Astrobiology, 10(03), 161-175. doi:10.1017/s1473550411000048 Harris, D.R. (1980). Exhumed paleochannels in the Lower Cretaceous Cedar Malin, M. C. (2003). Evidence for Persistent Flow and Aqueous Sedimentation on Early Mars. Science, 302(5652), 1931-1934. doi:10.1126/science.1090544 Miller, R. P. (1937). Drainage Lines in Bas-Relief. The Journal of Geology, 45(4), 432-438. doi:10.1086/624550 Pain, C.P & Ollier, C.D. (1996). Regolith stratigraphy: principles and problems. Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics, 16(3), 197-202. Pain, C., Clarke, J., & Thomas, M. (2007). Inversion of relief on Mars. Icarus, 190(2), 478-491. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.03.017 Pain, C., July 2016, personal communication.
Direct download: UPSIDE-DOWN_Rivers_On_Mars-_Response_to_MinutePhysics.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 10:40am EDT |
Thu, 27 July 2017
Infinitesimally small quantum dots can turn a window into a see-through solar panel! Thanks to the University of Minnesota for sponsoring this video! http://twin-cities.umn.edu/ Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth If you want to learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Nanoparticle (also called nanopowder or nanocluster or nanocrystal): a microscopic particle with at least one dimension less than 100 nm. These tiny objects often have characteristics that differ from larger versions of the same material.
Credits (and Twitter handles): Image Credits: Thumbnail: R. Lunt, MSU. Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n References: Bradshaw, L. R., Knowles, K. E., McDowall, S. & Gamelin, D. R. Nanocrystals for luminescent solar concentrators. Nano Lett. 15, 1315–1323 (2015). Meinardi, F., Ehrenberg, S., Dhamo, L., Carulli, F., Mauri, M., Bruni, F., Simonutti, R., Kortshagen, U. and Brovelli, S., 2017. Highly efficient luminescent solar concentrators based on earth-abundant indirect-bandgap silicon quantum dots. Nature Photonics, 11(3), pp.177-185. Meinardi, F. et al. Highly efficient large-area colourless luminescent solar concentrators using heavy-metal-free colloidal quantum dots. Nat. Nanotech.10, 878–885 (2015). Yang, C, R. R. Lunt. Limits of Visibly Transparent Luminescent Solar Concentrators. Adv. Opt. Mat., 5, 8, 1600851, 2017. Zhao Y., G. Meek, B. Levine, and R. R. Lunt, “Near-Infrared Harvesting Transparent Luminescent Solar Concentrators”. Adv. Opt. Mat., 2, 606, 2014. |
Wed, 19 July 2017
Thanks to spotted hyenas’ unusual social structure, males experience a tough life of solitude, harassment, and deprivation. Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth If you want to learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Credits (and Twitter handles): Video Credits: Hyenas feeding - Kate Yoshida
Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like: ___________________________________________ References: Chepko-Sade, B. D. & Z. T. Halpin. 1987. Mammalian dispersal patterns: the effects of social stucture on population genetics. University of Chicago Press. Chicago, Illinois. Holekamp, K.E. & Smale, L. (2000) Feisty females and meek males: reproductive strategies in the spotted hyena. In Reproduction in Context. K. Wallen and J. Schneider (Eds). MIT Press. Cambridge. MA. Pp. 257-285. Kruuk H. 1972. The spotted hyena: a study of predation and social behavior. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Smale, L., Nunes, S., and Holekamp, K.E. (1997) Sexually dimorphic dispersal in mammals: patterns, causes and consequences. Advances in the Study of Behavior 26: 181-250. Strauss, E., February 2017, personal communication. Turner, J., June 2017, personal communication. Van Horn, R.C., McElhinny, T.L. & Holekamp, K. E. (2003) Age estimation and dispersal in the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta). Journal of Mammalogy 84: 1019-1030. Watts, H. E. & Holekamp, K. E. (2007) Hyena societies. Current Biology 17: R657-R660. |
Wed, 12 July 2017
Worms cause major changes to ecosystems, but those changes aren’t always new. Thanks to the University of Minnesota for sponsoring this video! http://twin-cities.umn.edu/ Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth If you want to learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Credits (and Twitter handles): _________________________________________ Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n ___________________________________________ References: Dylan Craven, Madhav P. Thakur, Erin K. Cameron, Lee E. Frelich, Robin Beauséjour, Robert B. Blair, Bernd Blossey, James Burtis, Amy Choi, Andrea Dávalos, Timothy J. Fahey, Nicholas A. Fisichelli, Kevin Gibson, I. Tanya Handa, Kristine Hopfensperger, Scott R. Loss, Victoria Nuzzo, John C. Maerz, Tara Sackett, Bryant C. Scharenbroch, Sandy M. Smith, Mark Vellend, Lauren G. Umek, Nico Eisenhauer (2016). The unseen invaders: introduced earthworms as drivers of change in plant communities in North American forests (a meta-analysis). Global Change Biology. 1-10. Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.13446/full Sonja Migge-Kleian, Mary Ann McLean, John C. Maerz, and Liam Heneghan (2006). The influence of invasive earthworms on indigenous fauna in ecosystems previously uninhabited by earthworms. Biological Invasions. 8:6 (1275-1285). Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9021-9 Alexander M.Roth, Timothy J.S.Whitfeld, Alexandra G. Lodge, Nico Eisenhauer, Lee E. Frelich· and Peter B. Reich (2015). Invasive earthworms interact with abiotic conditions to influence the invasion of common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica). Oecologia. 178: 219:230. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25481818 Hendrit, Paul (Editor). 2007. Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species. Wackett, Adrian. (2017). Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota. Personal Communication. |
Thu, 6 July 2017
Because of space physics, one faraway asteroid is likely the progenitor of almost a third of all the meteorites on Earth. Thanks to Skillshare for sponsoring this video: skl.sh/MinuteEarth Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth ___________________________________________
If you want to learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Asteroid: A rocky body smaller than a planet that is orbiting the sun. ___________________________________________
Credits (and Twitter handles): Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg) Script Editor: Alex Reich Video Illustrator: Jorge Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert) Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert) With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Kate Yoshida, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
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Like our videos? Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ And visit our website: https://www.minuteearth.com/
Also, say hello on: Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC
And download our videos on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n ___________________________________________
If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like: A terrifying but fascinating look at the destructive power of potential meteorites: http://www.purdue.edu/impactearth/
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References:
Direct download: Why_So_Many_Meteorites_Come_From_The_Same_Place.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 1:05pm EDT |
Wed, 21 June 2017
A monitoring system developed to listen for secret nuclear tests mostly hears other events happening all around Earth.
Thanks to CTBTO for sponsoring this video: www.ctbto.org
Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth ___________________________________________
FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some keywords to get your googling started:
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Credits (and Twitter handles): Script Writer: Alex Reich Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida) Video Illustrator: Jesse Agar Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida) Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida) With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Ever Salazar, Emily Elert, Peter Reich, David Goldenberg Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
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Like our videos? Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ
Also, say hello on: Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC
And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n ___________________________________________
If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like: Animals can detect infrasound: http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2004/12/surviving_the_tsunami.html
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References:
Sounds in the video that were recorded by CTBTO stations:
Direct download: What_Nuclear_Bombs_Taught_Us_About_Whales.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 11:01am EDT |
Thu, 15 June 2017
Check out our new website! https://www.minuteearth.com/ Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth
Also, say hello on: ___________________________________________ Barbehenn, R. V., & Constabel, C. P. 2011. Tannins in plant–herbivore interactions. Phytochemistry, 72(13), 1551-1565. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942211000690 Covington, A. D. 1997. Modern tanning chemistry. Chemical Society Reviews, 26(2), 111-126. http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/1997/cs/cs9972600111 Covington, A. D. 2009. Tanning chemistry: the science of leather. Royal Society of Chemistry. Covington, A., Mar 2017, personal communication. Gawel, R. 1998. Red wine astringency: a review. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, 4(2), 74-95. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-0238.1998.tb00137.x/full Lesschaeve, I. & A.C. Noble. 2005. Polyphenols: factors influencing their sensory properties and their effects on food and beverage preferences. The American journal of clinical nutrition 81, no. 1: 330S-335S. http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/81/1/330S.full Siebert, K., Mar 2017, personal communication.
Direct download: Why_Does_Wine_Make_Your_Mouth_Feel_Dry-.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:28pm EDT |
Wed, 31 May 2017
Thanks to Dollar Shave Club for sponsoring this video. Get your first month of the Executive Razor with Dr. Carver’s Shave Butter for only $5 at http://www.dollarshaveclub.com/minuteearth Dyer, F., Jan 2017, personal communication. Franks, D. W. and Noble, J., (2002). The origins of mimicry rings. Standish, R. K., Bedau, M. A. and Abbass, H. A.(eds.) In Artificial Life VIII: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Artificial Life. MIT Press., pp. 186-191. http://alife8.alife.org/proceedings/sub2852.pdf Pasteur, G., (1982). A classificatory review of mimicry systems. Annual Review of Ecology & Systematics, 13: 169–199. Wilson, J., Jan 2017, personal communication. Image Credits: Sugar bag bee - Graham Wise Agapostemon virescens - Susan Ellis Amegilla cingulata bee - Chiswick Chap Drone fly (Eristalis tenax) - Francis C. Franklin Eumeninae Wasp - Joaquim Alves Gaspar Sesia apiformis - Gyorgy Csoka Lunate Blister Beetle - Bernard DUPONT Plain Lacewing (Cethosia hypsea) caterpillar - Bernard Dupont Nymph of Green Milkweed Locust (Phymateus viridipes) - Bernard DUPONT Eristalis tenax - Wilder Kaiser Yellow Jacket Wasp - Wikimedia user Bombman356 |
Wed, 24 May 2017
Join our Reddit AskScience discussion at https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/6d3a4b/discussion_minuteearths_newest_video_on_the/ Khoury, C.K. et al. 2014. Increasing homogeneity in global food supplies and the implications for food security. PNAS 111(11): 4001-4006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1313490111 McGee, H. 2004. On food and cooking: the science and lore of the kitchen. Simon and Schuster. |
Wed, 3 May 2017
Thanks to Squarespace for sponsoring this video! https://squarespace.com/minuteearth Sled dogs are the best endurance athletes in the world thanks to a weird quirk in their metabolism. Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: Glycolysis: The process by which glycogen is broken down into energy. Credits (and Twitter handles): _________________________________________ Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like: ___________________________________________ References: McDougall, C. (2011). Born To Run. McKenzie, M., Holbrook, T., Williamson, T., Royer, C., Valberg, S. ,Hinchcliff, K., Jose-Cunilleras, J., Nelson, S., Willard, M., and Davis, M. (2005). Recovery of Muscle Glycogen Concentrations in Sled Dogs during Prolonged Exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 37(8). 1307-1312. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16118576 Poole, D. and Erickson, H. (2011). Highly Athletic Terrestrial Mammals: Horses and Dogs. Comprehensive Physiology. 6:57. 1-37. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23737162 Gerth, N., Redman, P., Speakman, J., Jackson, S., and Stark, J.M. (2010). Energy metabolism of Inuit sled dogs. Journal of Comparative Physiology. 180: 577-589. Retrieved from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20012661 Miller, B., Drake, J., Peelor, F.,, Biela, L., Geor, R., Hinchcliff, K., Davis, M., Hamilton, K. (2015). Participation in a 1000-mile race increases the oxidation of carbohydrate in Alaskan sled dogs. Journal of Applied Physiology. 118(12):1502-1509. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25150223 McKenzie, Ericka. (2017). Professor of large animal internal medicine at the Oregon State University College of Veterinary Medicine. Personal Communication. |
Wed, 26 April 2017
We appreciate your support on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth Getting wet isn’t REALLY what makes wool shrink; it merely exacerbates the friction between the wool fibers, which is stronger in one direction than another, so when agitated in the washer or dryer, they migrate in relation to each other in a process called “felting.” To learn more about this topic, start your googling with these keywords: ___________________________________________ Credits (and Twitter handles): _________________________________________ Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like: ___________________________________________ References: Gupta, N. P., Agarwal, R., & Pant, S. (2009). Factors affecting felting of wool: An overview. Colourage, 56(1). Johnson, N. A., & Russell, I. (Eds.). (2008). Advances in wool technology. Elsevier. https://goo.gl/vZ9eCn Makinson, K. R. (1972). The Role of the Scales of Wool Fibers in Felting and in Shrinkproofing. Wool Sci. Rev, (42), 2-16. Makinson, K. R. (1979). Shrinkproofing of wool (Vol. 8). M. Dekker. Chicago. Menkart, J., & Speakman, J. B. (1945). Scaliness of Wool Fibres. Nature, 156, 143-143. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v156/n3953/abs/156143a0.html van der Vegt, A. K. (1955). A study on the mechanism of wool felting. Excelsior. |
Wed, 19 April 2017
A tiny change in a molecule’s geometry completely changes its effects on the human body. |
Wed, 12 April 2017
Check out how cats became our favorite little murder machines. Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth If you want to learn more about this topic, here are some keywords to get your googling started: Puma: The big cat with the largest home range. ___________________________________________ Credits (and Twitter handles): Video Illustrator: Qingyang Chen (@QCvisual) _________________________________________ Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n ___________________________________________ References: Hu, Yaowu, et al. ""Earliest evidence for commensal processes of cat domestication."" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.1 (2014): 116-120." Montague, Michael J., et al. ""Comparative analysis of the domestic cat genome reveals genetic signatures underlying feline biology and domestication."" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111.48 (2014): 17230-17235. O’Brien, Stephen J., and Warren E. Johnson. The evolution of cats. Scientific American 297.1 (2007): 68-75. "The Lion in the Living Room"" - Abigail Tucker http://amzn.to/2ppLNxz (Public library: http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/956395842) Vigne, Jean-Denis, et al. Earliest “Domestic” Cats in China Identified as Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). PloS one 11.1 (2016): e0147295. Human-cat burial image provided courtesy of Pr . Jean Guilaine excavations
Direct download: How_Cats_Became_our_Feline_Overlords_ft._Its_Okay_To_Be_Smart.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 10:52am EDT |
Tue, 28 March 2017
Thanks to 23andMe for sponsoring this video! http://www.23andme.com/minuteearth Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some keywords to get your googling started: Systema Naturae: A 1735 book by Carl Linnaeus that outlined his hierarchical classification of animals. Species featured in this video: Credits (and Twitter handles): _________________________________________ Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like: ___________________________________________ References: Angielczyk, K. (2009). Dimetrodon is not a Dinosaur: Using Tree Thinking to Understand the Ancient Relatives of Mammals and their Evolution. Evolution: Education and Outreach 2:257–271. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12052-009-0117-4 Romero, A. (2012). When Whales Became Mammals: The Scientific Journey of Cetaceans From Fish to Mammals in the History of Science. New Approaches to the Study of Marine Mammals. Chapter 1. Retrieved from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/new-approaches-to-the-study-of-marine-mammals Switek, B. (2010). Why a Pterosaur is Not a Dinosaur. Smithsonian. Retrieved from: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/why-a-pterosaur-is-not-a-dinosaur-87082921/ |
Wed, 15 March 2017
Collective nouns are a great way to have fun with language and nature. Thank you! Collective Noun: A noun that denotes a group of individuals. Credits (and Twitter handles): _________________________________________ Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like: ___________________________________________ References: Berners, D. J. (1494). The Boke of Saint Albans. Retrieved from: https://books.google.com/books?id=-awLAAAAIAAJ Lipton, J. (1993). An Exaltation of Larks. Retrieved from: https://www.amazon.com/Exaltation-Larks-Ultimate-James-Lipton/dp/0140170960 Lund, N. (2015). No, It’s Not Actually a Murder of Crows. Audubon (December). Retrieved from:
Direct download: Why_Is_A_Group_Of_Crows_Called_A_Murder-.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 11:10am EDT |
Tue, 14 March 2017
Please support us on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth Credits (and Twitter handles): |
Tue, 7 March 2017
Thanks to Crunchyroll for sponsoring this video: http://www.crunchyroll.com/minuteearth
Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth ___________________________________________
FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some keywords to get your googling started:
Cephalopod: An active predatory mollusk like an octopus or a squid. Cetacean: A marine mammal like a porpoise, dolphin or whale. Colon: The part of the large intestine that goes from the cecum to the rectum. Rectum: The last part of the intestine that ends in the anus. Eau de toilette: A dilute form of perfume
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Credits (and Twitter handles): Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg) Script Editor: Alex Reich Video Illustrator: Ever Salazar (@eversalazar) Video Director: Emily Elert (@eelert) Video Narrator: Emily Elert (@eelert) With Contributions From: Henry Reich, Kate Yoshida, Peter Reich Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
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Like our videos? Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ
Also, say hello on: Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC ___________________________________________
If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like: When a whale falls, it's story has just begun: https://vimeo.com/29987934
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Direct download: Why_Perfume_Makers_Love_Constipated_Whales.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 10:45am EDT |
Thu, 2 March 2017
Snakes occupy a special place in the human brain because they’re so weird.
Thanks to 23andMe for sponsoring this video! http://www.23andme.com/minuteearth
Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth ___________________________________________
FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some keywords to get your googling started: Ophidiophobia: The abnormal fear of snakes Lateral Undulation: Waves of lateral bending through the body that propel the snake forward. Trichromatic Vision: Three color receptors in the eye that allow the animal to see a wider spectrum of colors. Electroencephalogram: A non-invasive method of measuring electrical activity in the brain. ___________________________________________
Credits (and Twitter handles): Script Writer: David Goldenberg (@dgoldenberg) Script Editor: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida) Video Illustrator: Qingyang Chen Video Director: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida) Video Narrator: Kate Yoshida (@KateYoshida) With Contributions From: Emily Elert, Henry Reich, Alex Reich, Ever Salazar, Peter Reich Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
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Like our videos? Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Support us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ
Also, say hello on: Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC
And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n ___________________________________________
If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like: Vsauce2 on Dragons and Snakes and Humans: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6grLJyqIM8E
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References:
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Wed, 22 February 2017
It's easy to assume that every trait - including stubby arms on a terrifying predator - must be beneficial, but the forces of evolution don't really work like that. Thanks to the University of Minnesota for sponsoring this video! http://twin-cities.umn.edu/ Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some keywords to get your googling started: ___________________________________________ Credits (and Twitter handles): _________________________________________ Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like: ___________________________________________ References: Switek, B. (2013). Paleontology: The Truth about the T. Rex 502 (424-426). Retrieved from: http://www.nature.com/news/palaeontology-the-truth-about-t-rex-1.13988 E. Snively, A. P. Russell, G. L. Powell, J. M. Theodor & M.J.Ryan (2014). The role of the neck in the feeding behaviour of the Tyrannosauridae: inference based on kinematics and muscle function of extant avians. Journal of Zoology 292 (290-303). Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jzo.12109/abstract Middleton, K., and Gatesy, S. (2000) Theropod forelimb design and evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 128 (149-187). Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2000.tb00160.x/abstract Lynch, M., Ackerman, M., Gout, J., Long, H., Sung, W., Thomas, W., and Foster, P. (2016). Genetic drift, selection and the evolution of the mutation rate. Nature Reviews: Genetics 17 (704-715). Retrieved from: http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v17/n11/full/nrg.2016.104.html |
Tue, 14 February 2017
This video is in collaboration with Bill and Melinda Gates. You can check out the Gates Annual Letter here: http://b-gat.es/2lhhtmJ. Doctors beat back a disease that was killing tens of thousands of babies a year with a machine based on a simple principle of physics. Thanks to Bill and Melinda Gates for their financial support. Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some keywords to get your googling started: Preterm Birth: The leading cause of death of children under five years old, prematurity occurs for a variety of different reasons. Credits (and Twitter handles): _________________________________________ Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like: ___________________________________________ References: Gregg, R. Bernstein, J. (1961). Pulmonary Hyaline Membranes and the Respiratory Distress Syndrome. American Journal of Diseases of Children 102 (871-889). Retrieved from: http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/500014
Kamath, B., MacGuire, E., McClure, E., Goldenberg, R., and Jobe, A. (2011) Neonatal Mortality From Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Lessons for Low-Resource Countries. Pediatrics 127 (1139-1146). Retrieved from: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/127/6/1139 Mai, C., Yaster, M., Firth, P. (2013). The development of continuous positive airway pressure:an interview with Dr. George Gregory. Pediatric Anaesthesia 23 (3-8). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23170829
Direct download: How_Physics_Saved_Two_Million_Premature_Babies.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:12pm EDT |
Thu, 2 February 2017
To start using Tab for a Cause, go to: http://tabforacause.org/r/minuteearth2 The pigments in our food all get destroyed on their way through our digestive system...so where do the colors of our poop and pee come from? Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some keywords to get your googling started: Credits (and Twitter handles): Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n |
Wed, 25 January 2017
An amazing new technology will let scientists grow new kidneys for patients using their own stem cells inside of pigs. To start using Tab for a Cause, go to: http://tabforacause.org/r/minuteearth2 Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some keywords to get your googling started: Credits (and Twitter handles): _________________________________________ Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n References: Ross, P. (2016). Personal Communication Tushla, L. (2015). When a Transplant Fails. National Kidney Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.kidney.org/transplantation/transaction/TC/summer09/TCsm09_TransplantFails Reardon, S. (2015) New life for pig-to-human transplants 527 (152-154). Retrieved from: http://www.nature.com/news/new-life-for-pig-to-human-transplants-1.18768 Nagashima, H., Matsunari, H. (2016). Growing human organs in pigs - A dream or reality? Theriogenology 86 (422-426). Retrieved from http://www.theriojournal.com/article/S0093-691X(16)30095-4/pdf
Direct download: ME_103_-_Should_We_Grow_Human_Organs_In_Pigs.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 11:51am EDT |
Mon, 19 December 2016
Thanks to http://www.audible.com/minuteearth for sponsoring this video! Reindeer meat could’ve entered North American cuisine and culture, but our turn of the century efforts to develop a reindeer industry were stymied by nature, the beef lobby, and the Great Depression.
Help translate this video: http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_video?v=owNMCTmbG9w&ref=share FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some keywords to get your googling started: Reindeer - the smaller, (semi-)domesticated version/subspecies of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) Credits (and Twitter handles): Image Credits: Rangifer tarandus - Alexandre Buisse Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like: A virtual guide to reindeer and the people who herd them - http://reindeerherding.org/ The Great Canadian Reindeer Project - http://www.canadashistory.ca/Magazine/Online-Extension/Articles/The-Great-Canadian-Reindeer-Project How one storm killed 61,000 Russian reindeer in 2013: http://www.popsci.com/sea-ice-loss-is-imperiling-reindeer-herders-way-life ___________________________________________ References: Special thanks to Professor Greg Finstad of the University of Alaska Fairbanks for lending his advice, expertise, and patience to the making of this video! Christie, A., & Finstad, G. L. (2009). Reindeer in the “Great Land”: Alaska's Red Meat Industry. Journal of Agricultural & Food Information, 10(4), 354-373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10496500903245651 Daniel, C. R., Cross, A. J., Koebnick, C., & Sinha, R. (2011). Trends in meat consumption in the USA. Public health nutrition, 14(04), 575-583. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045642/pdf/nihms-253312.pdf Dubner, S. J. (2010, December 9). Beef or Chicken? A Look at U.S. Meat Trends in the Last Century [Blog post]. Retrieved December 1, 2016, from http://freakonomics.com/2010/12/09/beef-or-chicken-a-look-at-u-s-meat-trends-in-the-last-century/ Finstad, G. L. (2016). Personal Communication. Finstad, G. L., Bader, H. R., & Prichard, A. K. (2002). Conflicts between reindeer herding and an expanding caribou herd in Alaska. Rangifer, 22(4), 33-37. https://www.ub.uit.no/baser/septentrio/index.php/rangifer/article/viewFile/1668/1559 Finstad, G. L., Kielland, K. K., & Schneider, W. S. (2006). Reindeer herding in transition: historical and modern day challenges for Alaskan reindeer herders. Nomadic Peoples, 10(2), 31-49. http://reindeer.salrm.uaf.edu/resources/journal_articles/Nomadic_Peoples10(2)31-49.PDF Stern, R. O., Arobio, E. L., Naylor, L. L., & Thomas, W. C. (1980). Eskimos, reindeer, and land. https://scholarworks.alaska.edu/bitstream/handle/11122/1205/Bulletin59.pdf?sequence=1 Willis, R. (2006). A New Game in the North: Alaska Native Reindeer Herding, 1890–1940. Western Historical Quarterly, 37(3), 277-301. http://oit-fhs-pws1.oit.duke.edu/Fellowships/Willis.pdf |
Wed, 7 December 2016
Foraminifera – tiny, single-celled marine life forms – build gorgeous houses that record how much ice there is on the planet. This video was supported by the Heising-Simons Foundation. To learn more, visit https://www.heisingsimons.org/ Special thanks to Professor Lee Kump of Penn State University and Professor Howie Spero of UC-Davis for lending their advice, expertise, and patience to the making of this video! Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth
___________________________________________ FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some keywords to get your googling started: foraminifera: a class of single-celled marine organisms – protists, not animals – that live either near the surface ("planktonic foraminifera") or on the seafloor ("benthic foraminifera"). Called forams for short. climate proxy: something that tells us what the climate was like in the past, such as data from the thickness of tree rings, the composition of gases trapped in ancient ice, historical human records of annual bloom times (eg the long-recorded bloom dates of cherry trees in Kyoto, Japan), or the ratios of certain stable isotopes found in shells, corals, or other biogenic substances oxygen-18: a stable isotope of oxygen that contains 8 protons and 10 neutrons, rather than the 8 protons and 8 neutrons of "regular" oxygen (oxygen-16). The ratio of oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in seawater (and sea shells) can be used as a proxy for the global average temperature ice sheet: a permanent layer of ice covering land, as found in polar regions (and as distinguished from sea ice, like the stuff that floats at the north pole in the Arctic ocean). Combined, the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets contain more than 99% of the total freshwater ice on Earth. ___________________________________________ If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like: Orbulina feeding on Artemia Mysterious Web Masters ___________________________________________
Image credits: Cribrohantkenina inflata - Paul Pearson Elphidium macellum, Bulimina and Calcarina hispida by foraminifera.eu Globigerina - Hannes Grobe _________________________________________ Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n REFERENCES Hays, J. D., Imbrie, J., & Shackleton, N. J. (1976). Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages. Science, 194(4270), 1121-1132. Kendall, C., & McDonnell, J.J. (1998). Fundamentals of Isotope Geochemistry. In Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology (pp. 51-86). Eds: Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. Kucera, M. (2007). Planktonic Foraminifera as Tracers of Past Oceanic Environments. In Developments in Marine Geology, Volume 1, (pp. 213-262). NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate: Global Analysis for Annual 2015, published online January 2016, retrieved on November 28, 2016 from http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201513. Sachs, J., & Steig, E. (2010) Lecture on Isotopes and Air Temperature. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Shanahan, T. (2010). Lecture on Oxygen Isotopes. University of Texas, Austin, Texas.
Direct download: ME_100_-_How_This_Sea_Shell_Knows_the_Weather_in_Greenland.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:17pm EDT |
Tue, 29 November 2016
Thanks to http://www.givewell.org/ for sponsoring this video! To learn more about the Against Malaria Foundation, visit: http://www.givewell.org/AMF or https://www.againstmalaria.com. Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some keywords to get your googling started: Malaria - a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Credits (and Twitter handles): _________________________________________ Like our videos?
Amazing animation of seasonal temperature suitability for malaria https://goo.gl/63pYGt ___________________________________________
Carter, R., & Mendis, K. N. (2002). Evolutionary and historical aspects of the burden of malaria. Clinical microbiology reviews, 15(4), 564-594. http://cmr.asm.org/content/15/4/564.full Gething, P. W., et al. (2011). A new world malaria map: Plasmodium falciparum endemicity in 2010. Malaria journal, 10(1), 1. http://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1475-2875-10-378 Gething, P. W., et al. (2011). Modelling the global constraints of temperature on transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax. Parasites & Vectors, 4(1), 1. http://parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1756-3305-4-92 Hay, S. I., et al. (2004). The global distribution and population at risk of malaria: past, present, and future. The Lancet infectious diseases, 4(6), 327-336. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145123/ Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME). (2016). GBD Compare Data Visualization. Seattle, WA: IHME, University of Washington. Retrieved from http://vizhub.healthdata.org/gbd-compare. Liu, W., et al. (2010). Origin of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in gorillas. Nature, 467(7314), 420-425. doi: 10.1038/nature09442 Malaria: Fact sheet (April 2016). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/ Packard, R. M. (2007). The making of a tropical disease: a short history of malaria (pp. 1-66 ). Baltimore. Rich, S. M., et al. (2009). The origin of malignant malaria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(35), 14902-14907. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0907740106 Shah, S. (2010). The Fever: how malaria has ruled humankind for 500,000 years (pp. 1-33). Macmillan. Sundararaman, S. A., et al. (2016). Genomes of cryptic chimpanzee Plasmodium species reveal key evolutionary events leading to human malaria. Nature communications, 7. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11078 Webb, J. L. (2009). Humanity's burden: a global history of malaria (pp. 1-91). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. World Health Organization. (2015). World malaria report 2015. World Health Organization. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/world-malaria-report-2015/report/en/
Direct download: ME_101_-_How_Humans_Made_Malaria_So_Deadly.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 11:25am EDT |
Wed, 16 November 2016
Almost all mammals with prehensile tails live in the neotropics because the forest is different there. Thanks to http://www.audible.com/minuteearth for sponsoring this video.
Capuchin Monkey - Steve Jurvetson Guianan Saki - Wikimedia user Skyscraper Emperor Tamarin - TheBrockenInaGlory Aotus nigriceps - Wikimedia user Miguelrangeljr
Species featured in this video:
Organ, J. (2016). Personal Communication Emmons, L.H., Gentry, A.H. (1983). Tropical Forest Structure and the Distribution of Gliding and Prehensile-Tailed Vertebrates. The American Naturalist 121-4 (513-524). Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2460978?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents Lambert, T., Halsey, M. (2015) Relationship Between Lianas and Arboreal Mammals: Examining the Emmons–Gentry Hypothesis. Ecology of Lianas (398-406).. Retrieved from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781118392409.ch26/summary Deane, A., Russo, G., Muchlinski, M., Organ, J. (2014). Caudal Vertebral Body Articular Surface Morphology Correlates With Functional Tail Use in Anthropoid Primates. Journal of Morphology 275 (1300-1311). Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmor.20304/abstract
Direct download: ME_99_-_Why_Only_Some_Monkeys_Have_Awesome_Tails.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 11:09am EDT |
Wed, 2 November 2016
Why there will likely soon be more tigers in backyards in Texas than in the wilds of Asia. Thanks to the University of Minnesota for sponsoring this video! http://twin-cities.umn.edu/
Del Bosque, M. (2008) A Tiger’s Tale. Texas Observer. Retrieved from: https://www.texasobserver.org/2835-a-tigers-tale-in-texas-where-you-can-own-a-pet-tiger-the-booming-exotic-animal-trade-has-grim-consequences/ Karanth, U. (2016). Personal Communication. Rudner, J. (2016) Tigers in Texas: We don't even know how many there are. Texas Tribune. Retrieved from: http://www.houstonchronicle.com/local/gray-matters/article/Tigers-and-Texas-We-don-t-even-know-how-many-7375558.php Joshi, A., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E., Anderson, M.L., Olson, D., Jones, B.S., Seidensticker, J., Lumpkin, S., Hansen, M.C., Sizer, N.C., Davis, C.L., Palminteri, S., Hahn, N.R. (2016). Tracking changes and preventing loss in critical tiger habitat. Science Advances 2-4 (e1501675). Retrieved from http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/4/e1501675.full Smith, J.L.D., McDougal, C., Gurung, B. Shrestha, N., Shrestha, M., Allendorf, T., Joshi, A., and Dhakal, N. (2010) Securing the Future for Nepal’s Tigers: Lessons from the Past and Present. Tigers of The World, Second Edition. Chapter 25 (331-343). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216561296_Securing_the_Future_for_Nepal's_Tigers_Lessons_from_the_Past_and_Present
Direct download: ME_98_-_Why_Are_There_So_Many_Tigers_In_Texas-.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 10:08am EDT |
Thu, 20 October 2016
Sometimes, it makes sense for critters across the animal kingdom to chow down on their own young. Thanks to http://www.audible.com/minuteearth for sponsoring this video. Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth : Credits (and Twitter handles): _________________________________________ Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started: Species featured in this video: References: Special thanks to Professor Hope Klug, from the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, for help with research on this video! Day, C. S., & Galef, B. G. (1977). Pup cannibalism: One aspect of maternal behavior in golden hamsters. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 91(5), 1179-1189. doi:10.1037/h0077386 Gilbert, W. M., Nolan, P. M., Stoehr, A. M., & Hill, G. E. (2005). Filial Cannibalism at a House Finch Nest. The Wilson Bulletin, 117(4), 413-415. doi:10.1676/04-003.1 Huang, W. (2008). Predation risk of whole-clutch filial cannibalism in a tropical skink with maternal care. Behavioral Ecology, 19(6), 1069-1074. Klug, H., & Bonsall, M. (2007). When to Care for, Abandon, or Eat Your Offspring: The Evolution of Parental Care and Filial Cannibalism. The American Naturalist, 170(6), 886-901. doi:10.1086/522936 Klug, H., & Lindstrom, K. (2008). Hurry-up and hatch: Selective filial cannibalism of slower developing eggs. Biology Letters, 4(2), 160-162. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0589 Why do some fish eat their own eggs? - Phys.org. (n.d.). Retrieved October 19, 2016, from http://phys.org/news/2016-02-fish-eggs.html
Direct download: ME_96_-_Why_Do_Animals_Eat_Their_Babies.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 11:06am EDT |
Thu, 13 October 2016
Research suggests that more diverse ecosystems are better for the bottom line. Thanks to the University of Minnesota for sponsoring this video! http://twin-cities.umn.edu/
Peter's Science paper: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/354/6309/aaf8957 ___________________________________________ Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started: Biodiversity - the variety of genes, species, and ecosystems ___________________________________________ References: Bartomeus, I., Park, M.G., Gibbs, J., Danforth, B.N., Lakso, A.N. and Winfree, R., 2013. Biodiversity ensures plant–pollinator phenological synchrony against climate change. Ecology Letters, 16(11), pp.1331-1338. Dee LE, Miller SJ, Peavey LE, Bradley D, Gentry RR, Startz R, Gaines SD, Lester SE. 2016 Functional diversity of catch mitigates negative effects of temperature variability on fisheries yields. Proc. R. Soc. B 83: 20161435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.143 Delgado-Baquerizo, M., L. Giaramida, P. B. Reich, A. N. Khachane, K. Hamonts, C. Edwards, L. Lawton, B. K. Singh. 2016. Lack of functional redundancy in the relationship between microbial diversity and ecosystem functioning. Journal of Ecology doi: 10.1111/1365-2745.12585 "FAO, “Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 - How are the world’s forests changing? ” (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 2015) Isbell, F., Tilman, D., Polasky, S., & Loreau, M. (2015). The biodiversity‐dependent ecosystem service debt. Ecology letters, 18(2), 119-134. Liang J, T Crowther, GFBI, and PB Reich. 2016. Positive biodiversity–productivity relationship predominant in global forests. Science 14 Oct 2016: Vol. 354, Issue 6309, DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf8957. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/354/6309/aaf8957 Liang, J, M Zhou, PC Tobin, AD McGuire, PB Reich. 2015. Biodiversity influences plant productivity through niche–efficiency. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112:5738–5743. McCarthy, Donal P., et al. "Financial costs of meeting global biodiversity conservation targets: current spending and unmet needs." Science 338.6109 (2012): 946-949. Reich PB, D Tilman, F Isbell, K Mueller, S Hobbie, D Flynn, N Eisenhauer. 2012. Impacts of biodiversity loss escalate as redundancy fades. Science 336:589-592. Tilman, D, PB Reich, J Knops, D Wedin, T Mielke, C Lehman. 2001. Diversity and productivity in a long-term grassland experiment. Science 294: 843-845.
Direct download: ME_97_-_Why_Biodiversity_Is_Good_For_The_Economy.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 2:58pm EDT |
Mon, 10 October 2016
A big thank-you to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth : - Jeff Straathof - Today I Found Out - Tony Fadell - Muhammad Shifaz - Mark Roth - Melissa Vigil - Valentin - Alberto Bortoni Credits (and Twitter handles): _________________________________________ Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like these things: FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started: References: Svartberg, K. (2006). Breed-typical behaviour in dogs—Historical remnants or recent constructs? Applied Animal Behaviour Science 96 (293-313). Retrieved from http://www.appliedanimalbehaviour.com/article/S0168-1591(05)00160-7/abstract Svartberg, K. (2016). Personal Communication. Hare, B. & Woods, V. (2013) The Genius of Dogs: How Dogs Are Smarter Than You Think. Retrieved from https://www.amazon.com/Genius-Dogs-Smarter-Than-Think/dp/0142180467/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1475530594&sr=1-1 Helton, W. (2010). Does perceived trainability of dog (Canis lupus familiaris) breeds reflect differences in learning or differences in physical ability? Behavioural Processes 83 (315-323). Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20117185 Pongracz, P., Miklosi, A., Vida, V., Csanyi, V. (2005) The pet dogs ability for learning from a human demonstrator in a detour task is independent from the breed and age. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 90 (309-323). Retrieved from http://www.appliedanimalbehaviour.com/article/S0168-1591(04)00177-7/abstract
Direct download: ME_95_-_How_Different_Are_Different_Types_of_Dogs.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 11:45am EDT |
Mon, 19 September 2016
Thanks to http://www.audible.com/minuteearth for sponsoring this video. Got questions!? Discuss this vid with brain experts on Reddit: http://bit.ly/RedditBrains Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth : Our functional map of the brain has changed. Here's why. Credits (and Twitter handles): _________________________________________ Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like this: FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started: Brain lesion: Damage to the brain caused by disease or injury. Broca’s area: Region in the frontal lobe associated with speech production. Hippocampus: Seahorse-shaped brain structure associated with memory formation. Amygdala: Small brain structure associated with emotions and memories. fMRI: An imaging procedure that measures brain activity by tracking changes associated with blood flow. References: Rorden, C., Karnath, H. (2004). Using human brain lesions to infer function: a relic from a past era in the fMRI age? Nature Reviews Neuroscience 5 (812-819). Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/nrn/journal/v5/... Barbey, A., Colom, R., Solomon, J., Kreuger, F., Forbes,C., Grafman, J. (2012). An integrative architecture for general intelligence and executive function revealed by lesion mapping. Brain,135 (1154-1164). Retrieved from http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/conte... Yildirim, F., Sarikcioglu (2007). Marie Jean Pierre Flourens (1794–1867): an extraordinary scientist of his time. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 78(8) 852. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti... Barbey, A. (2016). Personal Communication. Rorden, C. (2016). Personal Communication.
Direct download: ME_93_-_Which_Parts_Of_The_Brain_Do_What.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 10:00pm EDT |
Wed, 7 September 2016
This video was supported by the Heising-Simons Foundation. To learn more, visit https://www.heisingsimons.org/ Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth : Credits (and Twitter handles): _________________________________________ Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like this: FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started: Abiogenesis – the process of life arising from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds. Amino Acids – a class of organic compounds. Twenty of the roughly 500 known amino acids appear in the genetic code, and, when strung together into long chains, form the basic building blocks of proteins. Faint Young Sun Paradox – describes the apparent contradiction between evidence for a warm ancient Earth, and stellar models, which predict that the young Sun was 25% dimmer than today's Sun. First described by Carl Sagan and George Mullen in 1972. The Miller–Urey experiment – a landmark experiment in the 1950s in which scientists demonstrated that amino acids could form spontaneously from inorganic gases present in Earth's early atmosphere Snowball Earth – a climatic state of Earth in which the entire surface becomes frozen over. Molecules featured in this video:
References: Airapetian, V. S., Glocer, A., Gronoff, G., Hébrard, E., & Danchi, W. (2016). Prebiotic chemistry and atmospheric warming of early Earth by an active young Sun. Nature Geoscience Nature Geosci, 9(6), 452-455. doi:10.1038/ngeo2719 Earth's changeable atmosphere. (2016). Nature Geoscience Nature Geosci, 9(6), 409-409. doi:10.1038/ngeo2735 Feulner, G. (2012). The faint young Sun problem. Rev. Geophys. Reviews of Geophysics, 50(2). doi:10.1029/2011rg000375 Leconte, J., Forget, F., Charnay, B., Wordsworth, R., & Pottier, A. (2013). Increased insolation threshold for runaway greenhouse processes on Earth-like planets. Nature, 504(7479), 268-271. doi:10.1038/nature12827 Marchi, S., Black, B., Elkins-Tanton, L., & Bottke, W. (2016). Massive impact-induced release of carbon and sulfur gases in the early Earth's atmosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 449, 96-104. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.05.032 Sagan, C., & Mullen, G. (1972). Earth and Mars: Evolution of Atmospheres and Surface Temperatures. Science, 177(4043), 52-56. doi:10.1126/science.177.4043.52 Wolf, E. T., & Toon, O. B. (2014). Delayed onset of runaway and moist greenhouse climates for Earth. Geophys. Res. Lett. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(1), 167-172. doi:10.1002/2013gl058376 |
Tue, 23 August 2016
Thanks to The Great Courses Plus for sponsoring this video. You can start your subscription with a free one-month trial today by visiting http://ow.ly/Yq7c302duah Hybrid animals are infertile because of the way their sex cells form. But sometimes, life finds a way. FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started: Species featured in this video: Credits (and Twitter handles): Image Credits: Liger Hercules - Ed Quinn Zonkey - Flickr user Leogirly4life Cama - TaylorLlamas.com Beefalo - Noah's Ark Animal Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like these things: References: Ryder, O., Chemnick, L., Bowling, A., Benirschke, K. (1985). Male mule foal qualifies as the offspring of a female mule and Jack donkey. Journal of Heredity 76 (379-381). Retrieved from http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/76/5/379 C.J. Zhao, Y.H. Qin, X.H. Lee, Ch. Wu (2006). Molecular and cytogenetic paternity testing of a male offspring of a hinny. Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics,123: 403-405. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17177697 Bucholz (2013). Colorado miracle mule foal lived short life, but was well-loved.The Denver Post. Retrieved from http://www.denverpost.com/2013/08/16/colorado-miracle-mule-foal-lived-short-life-but-was-well-loved/ Millon, L. (2016). Personal Communication. Antczak, D. (2016). Personal Communication. |
Mon, 15 August 2016
Farming erodes soil 50 times faster than it forms. We can change that, but will we? Thanks to http://www.soylent.com/earth for sponsoring this video! Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth : Credits (and Twitter handles): _________________________________________ Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like these things: FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started: Agricultural Soil Erosion: the wearing away of a field's topsoil by the natural physical forces of water and wind or through forces associated with farming activities, such as tillage. http://goo.gl/d0Ciwk Conservation tillage/agriculture: a soil cultivation method in which fields are not ploughed & the previous year's crop residues are left on fields before and after planting the next crop, to reduce soil erosion and runoff. http://goo.gl/8aoizx, http://goo.gl/jmj8Ic Soil: the upper layer of earth, in which plants grow; a dark, damp, gas-filled structure of minerals and organic matter formed by degrading rocks and decomposing organisms. http://goo.gl/Q6JOrH References: A Landowner’s Guide to Prairie Conservation Strips. Accessed May 5, 2016. https://goo.gl/fN65MA Antón, S. C., & Steadman, D. W. (2003). Mortuary patterns in burial caves on Mangaia, Cook Islands. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 13(3), 132-146. http://goo.gl/SIiMxy FAO and ITPS. (2015). Status of the World’s Soil Resources (SWSR) – Main Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and Intergovernmental Technical Panel on Soils, Rome, Italy. http://goo.gl/fxPJi0 Kirch, P. V. (1997). Microcosmic histories: Island perspectives on" global" change. American Anthropologist, 99(1), 30-42. Montgomery, D. R. (2007). Soil erosion and agricultural sustainability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(33), 13268-13272. http://goo.gl/Si9E6g Pimentel, D. (2006). Soil erosion: a food and environmental threat. Environment, development and sustainability, 8(1), 119-137. http://goo.gl/64FSCa Soil Building Systems. Pickup Truck Capacities. Accessed May 5, 2016. http://goo.gl/u7sPfQ Steadman, D. W., Antón, S. C., & Kirch, P. V. (2000). Ana Manuku: a prehistoric ritualistic site on Mangaia, Cook Islands. Antiquity, 74(286), 873-883. http://goo.gl/ZySytn |
Thu, 11 August 2016
How Alan Turing's Reaction-Diffusion Model Simulates Patterns in Nature Asparagus Pee Survey Results: https://goo.gl/8x7abL ___________________________________________ If you liked this video, we think you might also like this: Reaction Diffusion Simulation (Gray-Scott model) ___________________________________________ Credits (and Twitter handles): Also, special thanks to the following scientists: Image Credits: Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd ___________________________________________ Here are some handy keywords to get your googling started: Reaction-diffusion system: A hypothetical system in which multiple chemical substances diffuse through a defined space at different rates and react with one another, thereby generating a pattern. Turing pattern: A periodic pattern that forms in a space where the initial distribution of ‘activator’ and ‘inhibitor’ is the same. Morphogenesis: The processes during development that give rise to the form or shape of the organism or a structure Alan Turing: Alan Turing was a British mathematician and the father of modern computer science. During World War II, he broke Germany’s Enigma code used to encrypt communications. ____________________ References: Economou, A. D., Ohazama, A., Porntaveetus, T., Sharpe, P. T., Kondo, S., Basson, M. A., … Green, J. B. A. (2012). Periodic stripe formation by a Turing-mechanism operating at growth zones in the mammalian palate. Nature Genetics, 44(3), 348–351. http://doi.org/10.1038/ng.1090 Economou, A. D., & Green, J. B. (2014). Modelling from the experimental developmental biologists viewpoint. Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 35, 58-65. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.07.006 Green, J. B., & Sharpe, J. (2015). Positional information and reaction-diffusion: Two big ideas in developmental biology combine.Development, 142(7), 1203-1211. doi:10.1242/dev.114991 Kimura, Y. T. (2016, May 24). The mathematics of patterns. Retrieved from http://www.theshapeofmath.com/princeton/dynsys Kimura, Y. T. (2014). The Mathematics of Patterns: The modeling and analysis of reaction-diffusion equations (Thesis, Princeton University). Http://www.pacm.princeton.edu/documents/Kimura.pdf. Kondo, S., & Asai, R. (1995). A reaction-diffusion wave on the skin of the marine angelfish Pomacanthus. Nature, 376(6543), 765-768. doi:10.1038/376765a0 Kondo, S., & Miura, T. (2010). Reaction-Diffusion Model as a Framework for Understanding Biological Pattern Formation. Science, 329(5999), 1616-1620. doi:10.1126/science.1179047 Marcon, L., & Sharpe, J. (2012). Turing patterns in development: What about the horse part? Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, 22(6), 578-584. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2012.11.013 Raspopovic, J., Marcon, L., Russo, L., & Sharpe, J. (2014). Digit patterning is controlled by a Bmp-Sox9-Wnt Turing network modulated by morphogen gradients. Science, 345(6196), 566-570. doi:10.1126/science.1252960 Stewart, I. (2012). The mathematics of life. Philadelphia, PA: Basic Books. (https://goo.gl/IOagrs) Turing, A. M. (1952). The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 237(641), 37-72. Retrieved from http://www.dna.caltech.edu/courses/cs191/paperscs191/turing.pdf
Direct download: ME_91_-_Can_Math_Explain_How_Animals_Get_Their_Patterns.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT |
Thu, 7 July 2016
Thanks to http://www.audible.com/minuteearth for sponsoring this video. Thanks also to Tom Scott for helping write and narrate this video. Check out his amazing channel: https://www.youtube.com/TomScottGo
Credits (and Twitter handles): Image Credits: Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n References:
Direct download: ME_89_-_Null_Island-_The_Busiest_Place_That_Doesnt_Exist.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT |
Tue, 21 June 2016
Why do some species flourish and others falter? Sometimes it just comes down to luck. A big thank-you to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth : - Today I Found Out FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started: - Bering land bridge: an ancient land bridge that connected Asia and North America at various times during the Quaternary glaciation, allowing Homo sapiens and other species migrations. - The Holocene extinction: (also referred to as the Sixth extinction or Anthropocene extinction) is the ongoing extinction event of species during the present Holocene epoch (since around 10,000 BCE) mainly due to human activity. The Holocene extinction includes the disappearance of large land animals known as megafauna, starting between 9,000 and 13,000 years ago, the end of the last Ice Age. - Atlatl (spear-thrower): is a tool that uses leverage to achieve greater velocity in dart-throwing. - Bile bears: sometimes called battery bears, are bears kept in captivity to harvest their bile, a digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, which is used by some traditional Chinese medicine practitioners, though there is no evidence that bear bile has any medicinal effect, and no plausible mechanism by which it might work. Species featured in this video: ___________________________________________ Credits (and Twitter handles): Image Credits: Mustela nigripes - USFWS Mountain Prairie Mustela eversmanii - Andrei Kotkin (used with permission) Ursus americanus - Ryan E. Poplin Ursus thibetanus - Guérin Nicolas Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n ___________________________________________ References: Schieck, B., McCown, W. (2014). Geographic distribution of American black bears in North America. Ursus, 25-1(24-33). Retrieved from http://www.bearbiology.com/fileadmin/tpl/Downloads/URSUS/Vol_25_1_/Scheick_and_McCown_2014_Ursus.pdf Pappas, S. (2014).Humans Blamed for Extinction of Mammoths, Mastodons & Giant Sloths. LiveScience. Retrieved from: http://www.livescience.com/46081-humans-megafauna-extinction.html Feng, Y., Siu, K., Wang, N., Ng, K., Tsao, S., Nagamatsu, T., Tong, Y. (2009). Bear bile: dilemma of traditional medicinal use and animal protection. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 5:2. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630947/ Biggins, D., Hanebury, L., Miller, B., Powell, R. (2011). Black-footed ferrets and Siberian polecats as ecological surrogates and ecological equivalents. Journal of Mammalogy, 92(4): 710-720. Retrieved from https://www.fort.usgs.gov/sites/default/files/products/publications/22786a/22786a.pdf |
Mon, 13 June 2016
Thanks to http://www.audible.com/minuteearth for sponsoring this video. Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth : Credits (and Twitter handles): _________________________________________ Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like these things: FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started: Image Credits: Chocolate brownie - Wikimedia User m Soup Cream - pixabay user wowwandee (Public Domain) Bed pan - Wikimedia user Michaelwalk (Public Domain) Glass of Juice - Stiftelsen Elektronikkbransjen Cockroach - Gary Alpert
References: Rozin, P., Haddad, B., Nemeroff, C., Solvic, P. (2015). Psychological aspects of the rejection of recycled water: Contamination, purification and disgust. Judgement and Decision Making, 10-1(50-63). Retrieved from http://journal.sjdm.org/14/14117a/jdm14117a.pdf Schwartz, J. (2015). Water Flowing From Toilet to Tap May Be Hard to Swallow. New York Times, D1. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/12/science/recycled-drinking-water-getting-past-the-yuck-factor.html?_r=0 Haddad, B. (2012). The Psychology of Water Reclamation and Reuse: Survey Findings and Research Roadmap. U.S. Case Studies, D22-D23. Retrieved from http://www.reclaimedwater.net/data/files/153.pdf Nemeroff, C. (2016). Personal Communication. Gallagher, D.. (2016). Personal Communication.
Direct download: ME_88_-_Would_You_Drink_Water_Made_From_Sewage-.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT |
Mon, 23 May 2016
Have ever wondered how digital illustrations are made? This video explains the basics. Help us keep making videos by supporting us in https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth |
Mon, 16 May 2016
Thanks to Curtin University and the University of Western Australia for sponsoring this video. Also, special thanks to Kingsley Dixon and the Orchid Specialist Group of the IUCN’s Species Survival Commission.
Direct download: ME_87_-_Orchids-_The_Masters_Of_Lying_Cheating__Stealing.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT |
Wed, 11 May 2016
An outline of how we make our videos.
Direct download: How_We_Make_MinuteEarth_Videos_Behind_the_Scenes.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT |
Fri, 6 May 2016
Thanks to http://www.audible.com/minuteearth for sponsoring this video.
Direct download: ME_85_-_Why_We_Sucked_At_Counting_Fish_Until_Now.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT |
Wed, 20 April 2016
Thanks to http://www.audible.com/minuteearth for sponsoring this video. The title of this video changes every 10 seconds to reflect an estimate of the actual energy used just by people (like you!) watching it. Thanks to Jasper Palfree for doing the computer magic that makes that possible! Thanks also to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth : Credits (and Twitter handles): _________________________________________ Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started: References: Assessing Internet energy intensity: A review of methods and results: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195925513001121 The Energy Intensity of the Internet: Home and Access Networks: http://publicationslist.org/data/lorenz.hilty/ref-229/2014_Coroama_Schien_Preist_Hilty_Energy_Intensity_Internet_Home_Access.pdf The Energy Intensity of the Internet: Edge and Core Networks: http://publicationslist.org/data/lorenz.hilty/ref-229/2014_Coroama_Schien_Preist_Hilty_Energy_Intensity_Internet_Home_Access.pdf Emerging Trends in Electricity Consumption for Consumer ICT: Average energy use of American home: https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=97&t=3 Typical wattages of everyday electronics: https://www.gozolt.com/blog/power-devices-consume/ Energy in AA Batteries: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AA_battery tablet energy use: Hidden energy costs online: http://tinyurl.com/zh93kwq Average computer energy use: Estimate to transfer 1Mb of data (average efficiency): http://tinyurl.com/jb2od4k Energy efficiency of internet: http://tinyurl.com/jq5hndm Broadband usage guide: http://tinyurl.com/gmezjkg
Direct download: ME_84_-_Energy_Cost_Of_A_YouTube_Video.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT |
Thu, 14 April 2016
Get a 2-meal discount from Blue Apron here: http://cook.ba/1W7fRdC If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like this blog post about asparagus pee: http://bit.ly/1TOEBHZ FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started: People featured in this video: Thanks to our supporters on https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth : Credits (and Twitter handles): Image Credits: Purple, white and green asparagus - iStock.com/PicturePartners Viceroy Butterfly - Wikimedia user PiccoloNamek Eggs and Asparagus - Michelle Hooton (used with permission) _________________________________________ Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n ___________________________________________ References: Eriksson, N., Macpherson, J. M., Tung, J. Y., Hon, L. S., Naughton, B., Saxonov, S., . . . Mountain, J. (2010). Web-Based, Participant-Driven Studies Yield Novel Genetic Associations for Common Traits. PLoS Genetics PLoS Genet, 6(6). Retrieved from http://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000993 Mitchell, S. C. (2001). Food Idiosyncrasies: Beetroot and Asparagus. Drug Metabolism & Disposition, 29(4), 539-543. Retrieved from http://dmd.aspetjournals.org/content/29/4/539.full#ref-62 Mitchell, S. C., & Waring, R. H. (2014). Asparagusic acid. Phytochemistry, 97, 5-10. Retrieved from http://www.silae.it/files/Asparagusic acid.pdf Pelchat, M. L., Bykowski, C., Duke, F. F., & Reed, D. R. (2010). Excretion and Perception of a Characteristic Odor in Urine after Asparagus Ingestion: A Psychophysical and Genetic Study. Chemical Senses, 36(1), 9-17. Retrieved from http://chemse.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2010/09/27/chemse.bjq081.full.pdf Waring, R. H., Mitchell, S. C., & Fenwick, G. R. (1987). The chemical nature of the urinary odour produced by man after asparagus ingestion. Xenobiotica, 17(11), 1363-1371. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00498258709047166
Direct download: ME_83_-_The_Mystery_Of_Asparagus_Pee.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT |
Fri, 8 April 2016
A big thank-you to our supporters on Patreon https://www.patreon.com/MinuteEarth : Credits (and Twitter handles): Like our videos? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n If you liked this week’s video, we think you might also like these things: Rohrlich, J. (2015). Should Society Start Contacting the Amazon's Uncontacted Tribes?. VICE News. https://goo.gl/b3hfmR Kluger, J. (2015). Is It Ethical to Leave Uncontacted Tribes Alone? Time Magazine. http://time.com/3909470/tribes-uncont... Survival International Q+A about “Uncontacted Tribes”: http://goo.gl/x9D9PB Glob, A. 2008. Are there ‘uncontacted tribes’? The short answer: No. Savage Minds Blog. http://goo.gl/ihWUyw FYI: We try to leave jargon out of our videos, but if you want to learn more about this topic, here are some handy keywords to get your googling started: References: Feather, C. (2015). Isolated tribes: Contact misguided. Science (New York, NY), 349(6250), 798-798. http://goo.gl/BPL2RX Lawler, A. (2015). Making contact. Science, 348(6239), 1072-1079. http://science.sciencemag.org/content... Pringle, H. (2015). In peril. Science, 348(6239), 1080-1085. http://science.sciencemag.org/content... Walker, R. S., & Hill, K. R. (2015). Protecting isolated tribes. Science,348(6239), 1061-1061. http://science.sciencemag.org/content... Walker, R. S., & Hill, K. R. (2016). Personal communication. News Article about the Science magazine feature: http://goo.gl/rpIFyZ
Fraser, B. (2014). Controversial Peru gas project expansion gets go-ahead. Thomson Reuters Foundation. http://goo.gl/J4d6zt Fraser, B. (2015). Isolated tribespeople receiving care after violent contact in Brazil. Science Magazine News. http://goo.gl/K6A01W Hill, D. (2014). Gas firm to move deeper into reserve for indigenous people in Peru. The Guardian. http://goo.gl/6JJDZ4 Nuwer, R. (2014). Anthropology: The sad truth about uncontacted tribes. BBC Future. http://goo.gl/nEkGLC Pringle, H. (2014). Uncontacted tribe in Brazil emerges from isolation. Science, 345(6193), 125-126. http://science.sciencemag.org/content... Pringle. H. (2014). Video of tribe's first contact shows both tension and friendly overtures. Science Magazine News. http://goo.gl/lH8WhA Tharoor, I. (2015). Do the world’s ‘uncontacted’ tribes deserve to be left alone? Washington Post. https://goo.gl/6Qeiyb
Direct download: ME_82_-_Should_We_Contact_Uncontacted_Peoples.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT |
Mon, 28 March 2016
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Thu, 3 March 2016
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Thu, 3 March 2016
Download a free audiobook when you sign up for a 30-day trial at http://www.audible.com/minuteearth Ending the battle between vegans, vegetarians, and everyone else | Brian Kateman TEDx: https://goo.gl/WzRRSY Why Are Vegetarians Annoying? | Hank Green: https://goo.gl/xRCI4n Externality: a cost or benefit caused by an activity that affects other parties but is not taken into consideration (e.g. by being reflected in purchase prices) Hidden cost: a cost not included in the purchase price, such as additional expenses, opportunity costs, or externalities Social Cost: an expense to society that is the sum of the private costs paid by a firm or individual, and the externalities paid by other parties Reducetarianism: the practice of eating less meat (& dairy, eggs, & other animal products), which may be appealing because not everyone is able or willing to follow a completely meat-free diet. Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n
Direct download: ME_79_-_How_Much_Does_Meat_Actually_Cost.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT |
Wed, 24 February 2016
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Thu, 18 February 2016
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Wed, 10 February 2016
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Wed, 10 February 2016
Today's oceans are full of fish with fins that couldn't evolve into limbs like ours. So, who are our ancestors and where did they go? If you're a fan of MinuteEarth but don't yet support us on Patreon, please check out our Patreon page: https://www.patreon.com/minuteearth A BIG thank you to our Patreon supporters, especially to: Want to learn more about the topic in this week’s video? Here are some keywords/phrases to get your googling started: _________________________________________ Credits (and Twitter handles): _________________________________________ Like our videos? Already subbed? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: http://podcast.minuteearth.com/ References: Clack, Jennifer. (2016). Personal Communication. Merck, John. GEOL 431 Vertebrate Paleobiology Lecture Notes, University of Maryland. Retrieved from https://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/geol... McGhee, G. R. (2013). When the invasion of land failed: The legacy of the Devonian extinctions. Columbia University Press. Sallan, L. C., & Coates, M. I. (2010). End-Devonian extinction and a bottleneck in the early evolution of modern jawed vertebrates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(22), 10131-10135. Retrieved from http://www.pnas.org/content/107/22/10...
Direct download: ME_78_-_Which_Fish_Did_We_Evolve_From.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT |
Thu, 21 January 2016
Thanks to Audible for supporting this video. Get your free 30-day trial at https://www.audible.com/minuteearth Thanks also to our Patreon patrons: Want to learn more about the topic in this week’s video? Here are some keywords/phrases to get your googling started: Credits: Like our videos? Already subscribed? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n References: Alroy, J. (2015). Personal Communication. Alroy, J. (2008). Dynamics of origination and extinction in the marine fossil record. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 11536-11542. Retrieved April 8, 2015, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/artic... Alroy, J. (n.d.). Accurate and precise estimates of origination and extinction rates. Paleobiology, 40(3), 374-397. Retrieved September 20, 2015, from https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/~alroy/pdf... Benton, M. (2003). When life nearly died: The greatest mass extinction of all time. New York: Thames & Hudson. Barrett, Paul M. (2015). Personal Communication. Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database. Lloyd, GT, Smith, AB and Young, JR, (2011). Quantifying the deep-sea rock and fossil record bias using coccolithophores. Geological Society Special Publication, 358 (1), 167-177. Mcghee, G., Clapham, M., Sheehan, P., Bottjer, D., & Droser, M. (2013). A new ecological-severity ranking of major Phanerozoic biodiversity crises. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 370, 260-270. Raup, D. (1979). Biases in the fossil record of species and genera. Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History 13: 85–91. Raup, D., & Sepkoski, J. (1982). Mass Extinctions in the Marine Fossil Record. Science, 215(4539), 1501-1503. Vermeij, GJ. (2015). Personal Communication.
Direct download: ME_62_-_How_Many_Mass_Extinctions_Have_There_Been.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT |
Tue, 19 January 2016
NBC & YouTube actually asked us to make TWO videos for the Democratic Presidential Debate on January 17th, 2016. Here’s the video that DIDN’T get shown at the debate. Our video that was shown: https://youtu.be/vbE5PSu-p0s Like our videos? Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Thanks to our amazing Patreon patrons for making this kind of special video possible! Want to learn more about the topic in this week’s video? Here are some keywords to get your googling started: ___________________________________________ Credits: For exclusive early access to all our videos, sign up with Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ Already subscribed? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n References: IPCC First Assessment Report. http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/1992%2... GD Banks. SUCCESS OF U.S. CLIMATE PLEDGE DEPENDS ON FUTURE GHG REGULATION OF U.S. INDUSTRY, OTHER SECTORS. ACCF CENTER FOR POLICY RESEARCH SPECIAL REPORT, NOVEMBER 2015 U.S. INDC (Voluntary Commitment for Paris Agreement) Paris Agreement U.S. Greenhouse Gas Inventory Report: 1990-2013. EPA.
Direct download: ME_77_-_DemDebate_Secret_Video-_What_The_U.S._Promised_In_Paris.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT |
Sun, 17 January 2016
YouTube and NBC invited us to make a video for the final Democratic Candidate’s Debate before the US Presidential primaries. Here’s our video (about climate change & energy), Lester Holt’s question, & the candidates’ responses. Like our video? Subscribe to MinuteEarth on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd Thanks to our Patreon patrons for making this kind of video possible! - Vidhya Krishnaraj ___________________________________________ Want to learn more about this video’s topic? Here are some keywords to get your googling started: climate change, global warming, alternative energy, renewable energy, fossil fuels ___________________________________________ Credits: For exclusive early access to all our videos, sign up with Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ Already subscribed? Also, say hello on: _________________________________________ References: http://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/in... http://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm...
Direct download: ME_76_-_Americas_Energy_Future-_MinuteEarth_At_The_DemDebate.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT |
Fri, 18 December 2015
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Wed, 16 December 2015
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Wed, 16 December 2015
Where rivers meet the ocean, coastlines tend to bend either inward or outward, creating estuaries and deltas. But how do they get those shapes? A huge thank-you to the following organizations, all working toward sustainable deltas, for sponsoring this video: the Belmont Forum, the Sustainable Deltas Initiative, the National Center for Earth-Surface Dynamics, the St Anthony Falls Laboratory of the University of Minnesota, and the DELTAS project. These organizations study deltas around the world, in particular how they’re threatened by human activities such as building dams, channelizing rivers, and climate change-induced sea-level rise. If we don’t pay attention, we might lose the landform that allowed us to become civilized in the first place. Thanks also to our Patreon patrons: ___________________________________________ Want to learn more about the topic in this week’s video? Here are some keywords/phrases to get your googling started: Credits (and Twitter handles): Script Writer: Emily Elert (@eelert) Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder Like our videos? Already subscribed? Also, say hello on: And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n References: Bhattacharya, J.P. (2003) Deltas and Estuaries, In: Middleton G.V. (editor) Encyclopedia of Sedimentology, Kluwer Academic 145-152. http://www.geosc.uh.edu/docs/geos/fac... Day, J., Gunn, J., Folan, W., Yáñez-Arancibia, A., & Horton, B. (2007). Emergence of complex societies after sea level stabilized. Eos Trans. AGU Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, 88(15), 169-170. Giosan, L., Goodbred, S.L. (2006) Deltaic Environments. Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science. https://www.whoi.edu/science/GG/coast... Gupta, A. (2007). Large rivers: Geomorphology and management. Chichester, England: John Wiley. Russell, R.J. (1967) Aspects of Coastal Morphology. Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography 49: 299-309. (Abstract) http://www.jstor.org/stable/520896?se... Wright, L.D. (1977) Sediment transport and deposition at river mouths: A synthesis. Geological Society of America Bulletin 88:857-868. |
Mon, 23 November 2015
Direct download: Climate_Change__The_View_From_MinuteEarth__OursToLose.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 6:13pm EDT |
Wed, 18 November 2015
Direct download: Epigenetics__Why_Inheritance_Is_Weirder_Than_We_Thought.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 2:55pm EDT |
Tue, 3 November 2015
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Sun, 25 October 2015
Direct download: The_Real_Reason_Leaves_Change_Color_In_the_Fall.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 5:17am EDT |
Mon, 19 October 2015
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Mon, 19 October 2015
Thanks to Lynda.com for sponsoring this video! Visit https://www.lynda.com/earth for a 10-day free trial Thanks also to our Patreon patrons: Want to learn more about the topic in this week’s video? Here's a keyword to get your googling started: herd immunity: immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a portion of a population provides protection for individuals who have not developed immunity Credits: Like our videos? Already subscribed? Also, say hello on: References: Alecca, J. (2015, March 31). Measles vaccinations jump after scare, public dialogue. Seattle Times. http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-n... Bohlke, K., Davis, R.L., Marcy, S. M., Braun, M. M., DeStefano, F., Black, S.B., Mullooly, J.P., Thompson, R.S. (2003). Risk of Anaphylaxis After Vaccination of Children and Adolescents, Pediatrics, 112, 815-820. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org... Center for Disease Control (2015, August 17). Vaccines and Immunizations: Possible Side-effects from Vaccines. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/s... Chapman University (2014). Social Reality Index. https://www.chapman.edu/wilkinson/_fi... Chen, R.T. (1999). Vaccine risks: real, perceived and unknown. Vaccine, 17, S41–S46. Kimmel, S. R. (2002). Vaccine Adverse Events: Separating Myth from Reality. American Family Physician, 66, 2113–2120. http://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/1201/p21... National Safety Council (2015). Injury Facts. http://www.nsc.org/learn/safety-knowl... The University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children's Hospital (2015). National Poll on Children's Health: Safer, with More Benefits: Parents’ Vaccines Views Shifting, Volume 24 Issue 2. http://mottnpch.org/sites/default/fil... |
Sun, 27 September 2015
Direct download: How_Fighting_Wildfires_Makes_Them_Worse.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:54am EDT |
Mon, 31 August 2015
Direct download: Were_Oversalting_Our_Food_And_Its_Not_What_You_Think.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 11:12pm EDT |
Fri, 31 July 2015
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Fri, 31 July 2015
Save $75 off a Leesa mattress by going to http://www.leesa.com/earth and using the code EARTH75 - http://www.leesa.com/earth Support us on Patreon! https://www.patreon.com/minuteearth ... like these fantastic Patreon patrons. Thanks! ___________________________________________ Want to learn more about the topic in this week’s video? Here are some key words/phrases to get your googling started: ________________________ MinuteEarth provides an energetic and entertaining view of trends in earth’s environment – in just a few minutes! Created by Henry Reich And follow us on Vessel: https://www.vessel.com/shows/68917745... References: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2008). Toxicological profile for Aluminum. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/... Center for Disease Control (1993). Understanding how vaccines work. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/patie... Keith, L.S., Jones, D.E., Chou, C.H. (2002). Aluminum toxicokinetics regarding infant diet and vaccinations. Vaccine 20(Sppl. 3):513-7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12... Mitkus, R.J., King, D.B., Hess M,A., Forshee, R.A., Walderhaug, M.O. (2011). Updated aluminum pharmacokinetics following infant exposures through diet and vaccination. Vaccine 29(51):9538-9543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2... Petrovsky, N., Aguilar J.C. (2004). Vaccine adjuvants: current state and future trends. Immunology and Cell Biology 82:482–496. http://www.nature.com/icb/journal/v82... Sullivan, J.B. and Krieger, G.R., (Eds.) (2001). Clinical Environmental Health and Toxic Exposures. 2nd Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. Thaysen-Andersen, M., Jorgensen, S.B., Wilhelmsen, E.S. et al. (2007). Investigation of the detoxification mechanism of formaldehyde-treated tetanus toxin. Vaccine 25:2213-2227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2... Unicef (1996). The Progress of Nations: Health. "Vaccines bring 7 diseases under control." http://www.unicef.org/pon96/hevaccin.htm
Direct download: ME_62_-_Why_Are_There_Dangerous_Ingredients_In_Vaccines.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 12:00pm EDT |
Mon, 29 June 2015
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Sun, 28 June 2015
We’d like to thank Focus Features for sponsoring this video – and for inviting us to pre-screen their summer 2015 film “Self/Less”. It’s a sci-fi flick that explores memory, consciousness, and immortality, and it made us think about the types of immortality that already exist here on Earth. A big thanks to Focus Features for supporting MinuteEarth! http://www.focusfeatures.com/selfless Thanks also to our Patreon patrons: YOU can also support us on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/minuteearth ___________________________________________ Want to learn more about the topic in this week’s video? Here are some key words/phrases to get your googling started: ________________________ MinuteEarth provides an energetic and entertaining view of trends in earth’s environment – in just a few minutes! Created by Henry Reich Subscribe on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/user/minuteear... References: Aubert, G. & Lansdorp, P. M. (2008) Telomeres and aging. Physiological Review 88(2): 557–579. http://simonadellemonache.com/dispens... Bavestrello, G. Sommer, C., and Sará, M. 1992. Bi-directional conversion in Turritopsis nutricula. In Aspects of Hydrozoan Biology. (J. Bouillon et al., editors). Scientia Marina 56 (2-3): 137-140. http://www.icm.csic.es/scimar/pdf/56/... Buffenstein R. (2008) Negligible senescence in the longest living rodent, the naked mole rat: Insights from a successfully aging species. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 178: 439-445. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1... Finch, C.E. (1998) Variations in senescence and longevity include the possibility of negligible senescence. Journal of Gerontology: Biological Sciences 53A(4): B235–239. http://biomedgerontology.oxfordjourna... Piraino, S., Boero, F., Aeschbach, B., Schmid, V. (1996) Reversing the life cycle: medusae transforming into polyps and cell transdifferentiation in Turritopsis nutricula (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Biological Bulletin 190: 302-312. http://www.researchgate.net/profile/F... Tian, X., Azpurua, J., Hine, C., Vaidya, A., Myakishev-Rempel, M., Ablaeva, J., Mao, Z., Nevo, E., Gorbunova, V., & Seluanov, A. (2013) High-molecular-mass hyaluronan mediates the cancer resistance of the naked mole rat. Nature 499: 346–349. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/...
Image Credits: Nake Mole Rat - Buffenstein/Barshop Institute/UTHSCSA Naked Mole Rat - Roman Klementschitz, Wien Chipmunk - Gilles Gonthier Capybara - Karoly Lorentey
Direct download: ME_59_-_Do_We_Have_to_Get_Old_and_Die-.mp4
Category:general -- posted at: 10:00pm EDT |
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