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Want to learn more about the topic in this week’s video? Here are some key words/phrases to get your googling started:
- extreme weather – Conditions and events that occur with low frequency, but which often have significant impact on people and nature; e.g., heat waves, droughts, heavy downpours, floods, blizzards, windstorms, hurricanes
- ocean heat content – the energy stored as heat in the ocean
- evapotranspiration – the movement of water vapor from land, water, plant, or animal surface into the atmosphere, driven by the drying power of the air
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MinuteEarth provides an energetic and entertaining view of trends in earth’s environment – in just a few minutes!

Created by Henry Reich
With the MinuteEarth team: Alex Reich, Peter Reich, Emily Elert, Ever Salazar, Kate Yoshida, and Henry Reich. Music by Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
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References:

Church, J. A., N. J. White, L. F. Konikow, C. M. Domingues, J. G. Cogley, E. Rignot, J. M. Gregory, M. R. van den Broeke, A. J. Monaghan, and I. Velicogna (2011), Revisiting the Earth's sea-level and energy budgets from 1961 to 2008, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L18601, doi:10.1029/2011GL048794.

Diffenbaugh, N. S., Swain D. L. & Touma, D. Anthropogenic warming has increased drought risk in California. PNAS, doi 10.1073/pnas.1422385112 (2015). Published online.

EPA. Climate Change Indicators in the United States: Sea Surface Temperature www.epa.gov/climatechange/indicators - Updated May 2014

Gouretski, V., J. Kennedy, T. Boyer, and A. Köhl (2012), Consistent near-surface ocean warming since 1900 in two largely independent observing networks, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L19606, doi:10.1029/2012GL052975.

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change): Climate change 2013: The Physical science basis. Fifth Assessment report of the IPCC [Stocker, T. F. et al. eds)]. Cambridge Univ. Press. 1535 pp. (2013).

NOAA (NCEI). Global Ocean Heat and Salt Content. https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/3M_HEAT...

Trenberth, K. E. Framing the way to relate climate extremes to climate change. Climatic Change, 115, 283-290, doi: 10.1007/s10584-012-0441-5 (2012).

Trenberth, K. E., Dai, A., van der Schrier, G., Jones, P. D., Barichivich, J., Briffa, K. R. & Sheffield, J. Global warming and changes in drought. Nature Climate Change, 4, 17-22, doi:10.1038/NCLIMATE2067 (2014).

Trenberth, K. E., JTFasullo, TG Shepherd. Attribution of climate extreme events. Nature Climate Change (in review).

Trenberth, K.E. (personal communication).

U.S. Global Change Research Program. 2014 National Climate Assessment. http://nca2014.globalchange.gov/highl...

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- Jeff Straathof
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- Maarten Bremer
- Emil Kampp
- Today I Found Out
- Nicholas Buckendorf
- Antoine Coeur
___________________________________________

MinuteEarth provides an energetic and entertaining view of trends in earth’s environment – in just a few minutes!
Subscribe to see all our new videos! http://goo.gl/EpIDGd

Created by Henry Reich
With the MinuteEarth team: Alex Reich, Peter Reich, Emily Elert, Ever Salazar, Kate Yoshida, and Henry Reich. Music by Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder
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And follow us on Vessel: https://www.vessel.com/shows/68917745...
And YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/user/minuteear...
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Also, say hello on:
Facebook: http://facebook.com/minuteearth
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Want to learn more about the topic in this week’s video? Here are some key words/phrases to get your googling started:
- Condensation – the process of water molecules glomming together into visible droplets
- Condensation nuclei – tiny solid particles that water vapor condenses onto (also called aerosols)
- Homogenous condensation – condensation without any kind of condensation nuclei
- Dew point – the temperature below which water vapor starts to condense into droplets
- Heterogenous condensation – condensation that happens with the help of condensation nuclei
- Critical Embryo – a cluster of water molecules big enough to easily gain more molecules
- Cloud chamber – a cool thing to check out if you want to build a particle detector at home (it involves pumping a bunch of water vapor into pure air; when a particle passes through, it leaves a streak of ionized water molecules that, in super-saturated air, can act as condensation nuclei!)
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References:

Knupp, K. Surface Thermodynamics and Nucleation of Water Droplets and Ice Crystals. Lecture Notes. Retrieved March 2015 from: http://vortex.nsstc.uah.edu/mips/pers...

McDonald, JE (1962) Homogenous Nucleation of Vapor Condensation. I. Thermodynamic Aspects. Institute of Atmospheric Physics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.

McDonald, JE (1962) Homogenous Nucleation of Vapor Condensation. II. Kinetic Aspects. Institute of Atmospheric Physics, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
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Image Credits:

Dewdrops - David Saddler
https://www.flickr.com/photos/8050245...

How do plate tectonics REALLY work?

Watch and learn.

How plants communicate with each other.

Thanks to Wet Tropics Management Authority for supporting MinuteEarth

Plastic trash in our oceans - it's probably not what you think.

Ever wondered how to date a planet?  Watch and learn.

What's not to love? You'll be surprised...

It sounds gross, but it works!

Are any Animals Truly Monogamous?

Earth didn't have water when it formed, but it does now! How did it get wet?

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Humans can go inside or put on clothes, but trees spend winter naked in the cold. Why don't they all die?

Created by Henry Reich
Animation: Ever Salazar
Production and Writing Team: Alex Reich, Peter Reich, Emily Elert
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MinuteEarth provides an energetic and entertaining view of trends in earth's environment -- in just a few minutes!

References
Cavender-Bares, J. (2005). Impacts of freezing on long distance transport in woody plants. Vascular transport in plants, 401-424.

Davis, S. D., Sperry, J. S., & Hacke, U. G. (1999). The relationship between xylem conduit diameter and cavitation caused by freezing. American Journal of Botany, 86(10), 1367-1372.

Ewers, F. W. (1985). Xylem structure and water conduction in conifer trees, dicot trees, and lianas. International Association of Wood Anatomists Bulletin,6(4).

Pittermann, J., & Sperry, J. S. (2006). Analysis of freeze-thaw embolism in conifers. The interaction between cavitation pressure and tracheid size. Plant Physiology, 140(1), 374-382.

Willson, C. J., & Jackson, R. B. (2006). Xylem cavitation caused by drought and freezing stress in four co‐occurring Juniperus species. Physiologia Plantarum, 127(3), 374-382.

Zanne, A. E., Tank, D. C., Cornwell, W. K., Eastman, J. M., Smith, S. A., FitzJohn, R. G., ... & Beaulieu, J. M. (2013). Three keys to the radiation of angiosperms into freezing environments. Nature.

Herein we explain how pets can help your immune system, beginning when you're in utero!

Herein we explain that birds do not hibernate in lakes, do not migrate to the moon, but DO go on very unique journeys, which we humans have learned about in a variety of ingenious manners.

Here we explain how cars, roads, and huge buildings can sink into the ground during during earthquakes or blasting.

A look at the chemistry of seashells.

The reason all sand is the same.

Henry explains how our honey is made.

It surrounds us, itches, and flakes off everywhere. But What is Skin For?

Learn why "the rain follows after the forest".

Find out why we have been fishing all wrong.

What is the biggest organism on Earth!?

***Do not try this at home***

Deep sea, deep sea, have you any fish?

What is the difference between trash and garbage?

A Trashy Video

Where's the Hottest Place on Earth?

Locusts are grasshoppers with some rather unique abilities. 

A look at how human fetuses get rid of waste.

The economy and nature have more in common than you may think! 

Why do we drive on the left/right!?

Like having an atmosphere? Well, it's leaving (slowly).

On May 9, 2013, the concentration of carbon dioxide gas in the Earth’s atmosphere reached 400 parts per million. What does this mean for us?

The title says it all.

Why do ice cubes shrink, ice cream get frosty, and vegetables dry out in the freezer? FREEZER BURN!

Thanks for watching MinuteEarth! We do it for YOU!

Don't let the bed bugs bite, no,seriously!

Why Does Earth Have Deserts? For the same reason it has Rainforests: Hadley Cells!!!

What is the maximum height for a mountain on Earth!? And why?

Still wondering why leaves are green and not purple or even black? CHLOROPHYLL! It's how leaves work.

Have you ever wondered why leaves are green and not red, blue, or even black? We did too!

Agriculture, hula hoops, SARS, and THIS video: how long did they take to get around the earth?